Dramatic Importance of Similar Themes Essay Example for Free

Dramatic Importance of Similar Themes EssayA distinct art get up like a poem, novel or sportsman, a in short history is a short morsel of writing, having few vulcanized fibers, conflicts, a theme, a setting and a point of view, usually fewer than 10,000 words. E genuinely expound contributes to the unity of effect. Most short stories can connect if they include similar elements, characteristics or qualities including character victimization and themes. In the short stories A Deal in Ostriches, The Beautiful Suit, and The Triumphs of a Taxidermist, all written by H. G.Wells, there are similar features in the way the author writes about the theme of humans tone ending finished major interchanges in their lifetime, which shows how important this fundamental is in the plot development of a short story. Whether the change is positive or negative all humans go through many changes that could as well be life altering. In A Deal in Ostriches, this theme is situated to play ou t a role, so the master(prenominal) character goes through a dramatic change from let down to finish, ending with a twist to show the main characters true side.In The Beautiful suit, the main character goes through his major change at the end as well, starting off as a man boy, but dying happily in the end. In The triumphs of a Taxidermist, the taxidermist starts off as a man of an unintelligent nature, but concludes in the founding of an extinct species of a New Zealand bird, demonstrate his true identity. These factors help prove that the consistency of having the same theme, helps plot development and structure greatly in short stories.In A Deal in Ostriches, the theme is showing that the main character goes through a vivid change in his life and role as the story progress to the finish. The main character Padishah, tends to be a loyal character who motivations help finding his jewel. We believe he is against Potter, who is trying to steal his jewel for his own contentment. I n the end we consider the fact that Padishah changes throughout the story and turns against everyone to be on Potters side.This story concludes with a bit of a twist, A week or so after landing I was down Regent-street doing a bit of shopping, and who should I see arm-in-arm and having a majestic time of it but Padishah and Potter. (Wells 4) This shows that even if someone is reliable or trustworthy at the start, it does not reckon they will never change. Padishah is a perfect example of how life situations will always change oer time. In The Beautiful Suit, the main character is a curt man, who goes through a major change at the end of the story, showing the theme of how life changes can occur in very little periods of time.He starts off as a sad man because his mother would never let him exhaust his favourite suit, but dies happily in the end. But his face was a face of such gaiety that, had you seen it, you would have understood indeed how that he had died happy. (Wells 4) H e is the one who changes his feelings he decides to go out and belong his life the way he wanted to. One night he decided he was outlet to do everything he ever wished to do, including wearing his suit.We find out that his negative attitude turned into a positive one just by changing the way he felt he should be doing things. This little man starts his life in a way he did not feel was right, so he took a chance to turn his life around, and he did. He died happily, just as he wished he would. This shows the theme of human life changing noticeably, and how it can also change in an back up way. In The triumphs of a Taxidermist, the main character who is a taxidermist starts off hiding who he sincerely is, but ends up showing how truly smart and sneaky he is in the end.The taxidermist does not tell or show anyone his uniqueness until the end of the story when he reveals that he found a species of a New Zealand bird which is extinct. One man questioned Is it one of those big birds r ecently extinct in New Zealand? (Wells 2) No one truly believed that the taxidermist actually founded this spices, but life is full of unexpected surprises. If you are gentle and composed, you can always change your ways in life and become a man of great power.The taxidermist showed that humans go through major changes or chose to make those changes themselves, past throughout their lifetime. In conclusion all three of these well written short stories by H. G Wells, brought me to the attention that similar themes, such as the theme of humans going through major changes, is very important in plot development of a short story. These short stories all include a main character that goes through dramatic changes from start to finish presenting its similarities. Everything has something in common you just need to be imaginative to find it out.

Impact of organizational culture

conflict of shapingal shadeImpact of organisational Culture on employees affair bliss and exercise Does the governingal assimilation fall in any persuade on employees at workplace? There argon so some(prenominal) factors which builds an organizations image in front of the customers. Among those factors, polish plays a vital role in moldable the social organization of workplace design and the punty of successful customer emolument. Lund (2003) states that in the past decades, economical lookers were hungry(p) for rise uping the scope of organizational finale and its square up in marketing issues in aver to find the commissions of making the performance higher. In the corporeal world, employees work with people from various regions of the world which have a rich culture. The principles of an organization set the standards to a partnerships corporate culture. In a world where many corporate norms be adopted from the western culture, employees from opposite region may find it difficult to reading their traditional value and culture. This type of Western adoption helps create a conflict where employees feel that they be losing their traditions and values, and ultimately leading to a less several(a) world.Each organization has their own unique traits which differs them from the competitions. The culture values depart be acclimatized by the employees as they work along with the management and from the motivation they receive. The committal of people working in an organization is inevitable to achieve the company name and addresss and targets. This is based on the culture embossed in the company which can have a psychological effect on the way employees performed. If a certain type of culture is embossed on the employee it may force them to adopt a new culture other than their own. Rashid, Samashivan Johari, (2002) state that various researches on organizational culture have been do regarding the singing of financial performance and name out that encouraging environment of organizational culture empowers the employees to deliver their crush. The economic increase of a company is derived not only from the management efforts but to a fault from the roll in the hay line employees who give their best to support the organization. When we look at an organizational elevation of view, a company always tries to maintain standards by enforcing a set code of conduct. However when we look at other industries for instance the hotel industry we see a large gathering of many cultures working towards one goal where customer service is primary priority. Hotels often embrace different cultures and show their appreciations by promoting aw areness of the diverse cultures done celebrating National days which help other employees to learn more about the culture, language and traditions which has a yield leads to a better connection in the midst of employees and management. Whereas if were to take a call centre outsourced in another country set standard rules are laid have to be fol depressive disordered when interacting with clients. This gives no fortune for the employees to express themselves. However this can be viewed from another angle. With one solid corporate culture world enforced and practiced throughout an organization, it can help unify all its employees where they begin to think that they give way to the same company and therefore must work towards its benefits. This hence creates the effect of the employees being unified by one banner. According to Chang and Lee, (2007) a study conducted in Taiwan company found that the heathenish values of people integrity, veracity and solidity have direct relation with their ponder performance and the contentment. The level of employee satisfaction can be graded according to an organizations view on how best to make use of its resources in the company. Different motivational tactics may need to be jugg take by the organization in localise to fine tune their employees. This requires them to conduct in insight research about their people in order to get their heads and learn how they tick. The level of Job satisfaction is withal affected by the attitudes of the employees where their view of pagan values is gained from past experiences in different companies. This attitude differences can in any case affect their job performance directly or indirectly where they are forced to work in an organization, which has their own set of govern cultural values and when expected to be followed by the employees. Every employee will have their own cultural background and it is the organizations responsibility to mold and bud in their corporate culture in the employee minds to stimulate the job satisfaction. When looking into the rising companies around the world, the corporate managements have strongly decided to give the primary vehemence on trainings and seminars at the workplace where the multicultural environment will boost t he integrity of the employees.1) organizational culture and job satisfactionLund, D. (2003). Organizational culture and job satisfaction. journal of Business Industrial Marketing.18(3), p219-236 retrieved from emerald.I chose this field of study because this term gives a right-hand(a) investigation on the impact of organizational culture on employee satisfaction. The bind makes use of modern day research techniques in order to provide statistical understanding and advance that theory between Organizational culture and job satisfaction is interlinked. The article also provides an in depth analysis of the types of corporate culture that exists in the form of a matrix. This will help lay down a proper understanding of the cultural impact. The article provides statistical feedback on things from corporate culture and job satisfaction and some analysis between high and low job satisfaction. There are also figures on dominant organizational cultures. As a result of all this figur es collected I will have enough statistical proof to justify my findings. Another interesting feature of the article is that it provides a step by step break down of how the information was collected and managed. The analysis section helps point out relevant facts which can help the reader see the importance of organizational culture. The author has also attached an executive summary and implications for managers and executives to follow the guidelines of corporate culture. The cultural typology utilized in the study for the journal is one of the many reported in literature and also the data collection was done separately with various demographic and organizational background which acts a strong root in the topic.2) The influence of corporate culture and organizational fealty on performanceRahid, Md., Sambasivan, A., Johari, J. (2003). 2) The influence of corporate culture and organizational payload on performance. diary of way Development. 22 (8), p708-723. Retrieved from eme rald.Ive chosen this article because it provides an organizational loading section. The section goes on to describe what the initiatives an organizations have done in order to im promote performance of the employees described by the researchers. The physical composition examines the influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on financial performance in Malayan companies. And the results indicate the considerable relation between corporate culture and organizational commitment. The study was lead by forming basic questions about the organizational culture and its elements related. The article is followed by the literature review which shed the lights on corporate culture and organizational commitment backed up by a theoretical framework. The structure portrays the leading path and relation between these main elements of an organization which are organizational culture, organizational commitment and the financial performance. Results and discussions of the studies reveal the types of corporate culture, types of organizational commitment with relevant tables of data to support. Finally the article is cogitate by mentioning the emphasis of organizational commitment in the organizational culture hence advising the management to run through to find the ways of encouraging the organizational commitment.3) The influence of culture on perceptions of service employee behaviorKong, M. Jogarathan, G.. (2007). The influence of culture on perceptions of service employee behavior. Managing profit Quality. 17 (3), p275-297.I have chosen this article because it deals with my topic using hospitality industry as an example. The article looks at comparing service between in the US and Republic of Korea. In order to find which provides a better experience and underline the cardinal differences in the two societies.The article also provides a questionnaire that is utilise both in US and Korea. The questions are designed in such a way to understand the dist inctive points of each service. The results in the article go onto show the key differences the service staffs possess. They are also suggested possible ways to make best use of resources and trainings to get the best out of effort in employees. The data collection and analysis orders result in explaining the demographic characteristics and dimensions of wait-staff behavior and also regression with customer satisfaction. It also talks about the managerial implications by adding the points that employee behaviors are affected by culture differences nation by nations. Limitations about the study are discusses as employee behavior is associated with other things around and difference between the cultures. However a future research is suggested to back up the studies conducted. 4) A study on relationship among leadershiphip, organizational culture, the operation of schooling organization and employees job satisfactionLee, M., Chang, S. (2007). A study on relationship among leadership , organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees job satisfaction.The Learning Organization. 14 (2), p155-185. Lee, M., Chang, S. (2007). A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees job satisfaction.The Learning Organization. 14 (2), p155-185. Once again a quantitative research method was utilise to find the key differences under leadership organizational culture and the ability to learn in the organization. Results showed organizational culture is a very crucial factor that can affect the organization and an employees to learn. though research was conducted in Taiwan, it provides suggestions for business administrators to understand that satisfying employee needs is going to be a dumb task but under the right leadership can be achieved. Instead of being led by a manager, employee needs to be empowered so that they can be future leaders and develop their future prospects. In th e literature view, the author has mentioned about the leadership theories support and how they are master(prenominal) to an organization. Then it is linked to the organizational culture and goes on to job satisfaction of employee and also the relationship between leadership and the operation of learning organization in contrast to the relationship between organizational culture and the operation of learning organization which gives a clear picture of general organizations the administrators developing methods. The research findings support the topic question by stating the influence of leadership, the organizational culture and the direct relationship with employee job satisfaction.5) Organizational alignment and hospitality firm performanceCrotts, J., Ford, Robert,. Heung, V., Ngai,H.. (2009). 5) Organizational alignment and hospitality firm performance. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality Research. 3 (1), 3-12.I have chosen this article because it looks at ho spitality organization either big or small in size, that require stern and good managers that are needed to guide their employees so that the moments of truth encounter by the guest is received with great satisfaction and awe. As a result the firms goals and aims are established. In order to achieve this, the article looked into different propositions offered to the employees used to get these aims accomplished. The findings of the research provided in sight into different groups in the organization and how they align themselves with the goals of the company. Another great finding was the fact that high organizational support led to high employee commitment as compared to low organizational commitment.These findings prove helpful as managers can use these findings in order to use proper assessment tools and effectively manage the firm. The article goes on to explain various organizational types and methodology and their commitment to their employees. A figure used to describe conc eptual cause in the article helps bring a clear concise view of the topic and helps break it down for readers to understand. As like many of the articles found it is backed by valid statistical information. 6) The Impact of culture on Organizational performance in selected textile firms in NigeriaAluko, M. (2005). 6) The Impact of culture on Organizational performance in selected textile firms in Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies.12 (2). P164-179This article was chosen in order to substantiate my point that sometime(prenominal) a common culture being followed leads to better communication in the organization. Due to the common goal being followed it leads to forming a link between employees where they strive to work for a common goal.The article also provided interesting insight on other cultures like Japanese and Americans from the Nigerian perspective. This can be used in order to reinforce my theory of the them and us attitude. It further explores areas of psychology like Power distance, identity vs. collectivism, quantity of life vs. quality and long term vs. short term orientation. These topics provide the readers with a psychology point of view on the topic. A bit of anthropology is also brought into the picture as well through the study of the different Nigerian cultures as well. A combination of these elements can be used to prove the different norms practiced and how it effects organizations. As like my other articles statistics and graphical images are used to play along the readers interest and drive the point through. 7) The effect of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encountersSizoo, S. Plank, R. Iskat, W. Serrie, H.. (2005). 7) The effect of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encounters. Journal of Service Marketing. 19 (4), p245-255.The basic aim of choosing this article is the interlink between intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cro ss-cultural service encounters has been well defined by the authors. The research for this article was done in United States and the methodology of the research is well clarified with the methods. An executive summary is attached to the article which is meant to help the mangers and executives especially for the HR heads. When the impact of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance is strong in this era, the quality of service delivery of employees to the customers is sincerely important to achieve in the financial performance of an organization as well as for the growth of the concern. Intercultural sensitivity is been referred to as an attitude which enables an individual to interact effectively with the people from cultural diversity.The figures in the article show the stability of collected data and the recent reports about the US economy in relation with the service growth and happy customers. The research of the study was set up in four and flipper star hotels in the Florida State of US, including the hospitality industry leaders. These authors have observed the cultures effect on customer behavior and effects which are directly affected by the job satisfaction of the employees. ReferencesAluko, M. (2005). 6) The Impact of culture on Organizational performance in selected textile firms in Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies.12 (2). P164-179Crotts, J., Ford, Robert,. Heung, V., Ngai,H.. (2009). 5) Organizational alignment and hospitality firm performance. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality Research. 3 (1), 3-12.Kong, M. Jogarathan, G.. (2007). The influence of culture on perceptions of service employee behavior. Managing Service Quality. 17 (3), p275-297.Lee, M., Chang, S. (2007). A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees job satisfaction.The Learning Organization. 14 (2), p155-185.Lund, D. (2003). Organizational culture and job satisfaction . Journal of Business Industrial Marketing.18(3), p219-236 retrieved from emerald.Rahid, Md., Sambasivan, A., Johari, J. (2003). 2) The influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on performance. Journal of Management Development. 22 (8), p708-723. Retrieved from emerald.Sizoo, S. Plank, R. Iskat, W. Serrie, H.. (2005). 7) The effect of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encounters. Journal of Service Marketing. 19 (4), p245-255.

Effectiveness of Educational Intervention for Mothers

Effectiveness of educational Intervention for MothersCHAPTER VDISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSThis chapter deals with discussion, summary and conclusions drawn. It clarifies the limitations of the throw outvass, the implications and recommendations given for different areas in Nursing practice, Nursing education, Administration and Research. The original purpose of the intervention was, do of wrong babies.DISSCUSSIONThe birth of a baby before the developing variety meat is mature enough to allow normal piazzapartum survival. Premature infants are at greater insecurity for short and long term complications, including disabilities and impediments in growth and mental development. Signifi deposet progress has been made in the manage of previous(p) infants, but not in reducing theprevalenceof preterm birth. Preterm birth is among the top ca practices of oddment in infants worldwideDEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONMean age of the respondents w ere years. Most of the respondents were in the age aggroup of 21-30 years (72.5%). In regard to education out of 40 respondents 13(32.5%) were post graduate, stage business 32(80%) were employed, religion 37 (92.5%) belonged to Hindu religion, with regard to monthly income 16(40%) were under 11000-20000, as for the years of marriage 25(62.5%) respondents were married for 1-5 years. Regarding type of family 25(62.5%) were in nuclear family.Demographic variables of the babies were include, out of 40 mothers 25 (62.5%) were having male baby. Considering the weight of the baby 17 (39.5%) were having much than 2 kg, considering the type of delivery 32(80%) had LSCS. Regarding the gestational age 22(55%) was under 32+1-35 weeks of gestation. Regarding the number of hospitalization 19(47.5%) were less(prenominal) than 10 twenty-four hour periods.The first objective of the take apart was to assess the feel for skills of mothers with ill-timed babies The commit study determinations revealed that, the pixilated pretest association hold of the respondents were 12.12. The entertain post test fellowship home run obtained was 18. The findings revealed that, the mean manage abilities of mothers with ill-timed baby was 82.65.Chen TJ et al., (1998) conducted a study on nitty-grittyiveness of scenetape education for mothers of prematurity. The researcher selected threescore two mothers were randomly depute to a discover group or experimental group. During hospitalization mothers were assigned to the experimental group received additional study regarding the knowledge and skills of pity for immature infants. The mothers in the control group received routine educational care. The findings indicated that mothers who received a videotape education reported having more knowledge and confidence of feel for their preterm babies than the mothers who were in the control group. Moreover mothers in the experimental group fall in perceived lower stress than in th e control group.The second objective of the study was to determine the incumbrance of educational intervention on care skills and make out ability of mothers with premature babiesThe limn study findings revealed that, that the mean pretest and post test knowledge score of respondents before and after the educational intervention on care of premature babies were 12.12 and 18 respectively. The t value is 21.32 for the mean going away in the pretest and post tests knowledge score of mothers with premature babies, it is important at 0.05 levels. These findings substantiate that the educational intervention is effective intervention of knowledge gain.The finding is consistent with swati.s.,(2013) conducted a study on to assess the effectiveness of structured checking programme on knowledge regarding management of low birth weight babies among postnatal mothers in selected community. Researcher selected forty postnatal mothers by using convenient sampling technique. Researcher used one group pretest posttest design. The conclusion of the study showed that overall mean score of the subjects in pretest was 56.25% with the archetype deviation of 2.80, and the overall mean score of the posttest was 76.25%with the standard deviation of 2.28. The tvalue 13.96 was greater than the table value. It found to be a highly signifi send wordt level of pThe findings revealed that, the mean get by abilities of mothers with premature baby was 82.65.the percentage of overall header score was 65.59%.The third objective of the study was to correlate the caring skills and move abilities of mothers with premature babiesFor correlation coefficient of caring skills and coping abilities of mothers formula of correlation coefficient was used. The obtained value is .76 which shows that on that point exists a correlation amidst the caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies.The finding is consistent with Han, et al., study on the report of coping strategie s and psychosocial adjustment in Korean mothers of children with cancer. Researcher selected 200 Korean mothers. The conclusion of this study was the Korean mothers reported coping strategies relate to maintaining family integration of an optimistic outlook for the situation as being most helpful. The most frequent use of coping plan was maintaining family integration and an optimistic outlook for the situation. And the less frequent use of coping pattern was the information seeking were significantly associated with lower physiological distress and better family relationship after childrens medical and maternal characteristics were controlled for. Coping pattern, seeking social support was only predictive of social support.The one-fourth objective of the study was to associate the caring skills and coping ability of mothers with selected demographic variablesIn this study there is no association between pretest and posttest knowledge of caring skills and coping abilities of moth ers with premature babies with demographic variables of mothers with premature babies (education, occupation monthly income and type of the family).SUMMARYThe study was done to determine the effectiveness of educational intervention on caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies in KMCH hospital at Coimbatore, for which the following objectives are formulated.Assess the caring skills of mothers with premature babiesDetermine the effect of educational intervention on caring skills and coping ability of mothers with premature babiesCorrelate the caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babiesAssociate the caring skills and coping ability of mothers with selected demographic variablesThe present study adopted single pretest posttest design forty respondents were selected by purposive sampling technique. The study is ground on Modified Ludwigvon Bertalanffy general system model (1968). The study was conducted for a period of six weeks in KMCH . The tool for data collection are structured self administered questionnaire for assessing the caring skills of mothers with premature babies and CHIPS(coping health line of descent for parents) to assessing the coping abilities of mothers with premature babies.The educational intervention given to the mother by computer. After the seventh day post test and coping ability was assessed through CHIPS. In the post test the entire respondents gained knowledge regarding caring skills of mothers with premature babies. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used in statistical analysis. Karl persons coefficient of correlation was used to find out the correlation between caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies. Chi full-blooded was used to find out association between background variables with caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies.The study tested and accepted that, there is a high positive correlation between caring skills an d coping abilities of mothers with premature babies.MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDYThe mean pretest knowledge of the respondents were 12.12The mean posttest knowledge of the respondents were 18The mean coping abilities the respondents were 82.65The t value is 21.32 for the mean difference in the pretest posttest knowledge score of respondents which is statistically significant at 0.05 level.CONCLUSIONThe following conclusion was drawn from the study.Effectiveness of one to one teaching programme modify the mothers caring skills of premature babies.The study proved that there is a significant difference between pretest and posttest knowledge of caring skills of mothers premature babies.The study proved that the caring skills was positively correlated with their coping scoreThe study proved that there is no association between the caring skills and coping abilities with their selected demographic variablesIMPLICATIONSNumerous implications can be drawn from the present study for practice which promotes and creates a new symmetry to breast feeding profession and will bring numerical changes in the practical behaviors. The present study results thrust several implications on nursing practice, nursing education, nursing authorities, and nursing research.Nursing practiceNurses can teach the care of premature babies to mothers whose babies admitted in NICU by using LCD.Motivate the mothers to give better care to their babies.Nursing educationThe study helps to provide knowledge in preparing mothers to provide care to the babies.Nurse educators can advance the students to gain knowledge in care of premature babies.Nurse educator can encourage the students to learn skills in demonstrating care of premature babies in obstetrical and gynaecological wards.Nurse educator can prepare the nurses in motivating the mothers for care of premature babies by means of explanation and demonstration.Nursing administrationNurse administrator can plan and organize in service education for nursing power regarding care of premature babies.Nurse administrator can encourage the nursing personnel to conduct a longitudinal study of caring skills of premature babies.Nurse administrator can organize a video show regarding the caring skills of premature babies.Nursing researchNurses must develop newer instructional technology towards nursing education and nursing practice on care of premature babies.The study gives emphasis to practice picture based findings.The study lays down a foundation for further researchLIMITATIONSOnly forty warnings were included in the study due to the time constraints.The study is limited to who has delivered baby before 37 weeks of gestation.RECOMMENDATIONSA similar study can be conducted for a large group in different areas on a long term basis. equal study can be conducted among other health personnel.Similar study can be conducted by using true experimental design.Similar study can be conducted by using different teaching strategies.A com parative study can be conducted to assess the knowledge and practice in care of premature babies among normal delivery and LSCS mothersABSTRACTThe present study entitled Effectiveness of educational intervention on knowledge regarding caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies at KMCH in Coimbatore. The objectives of the study were as follows, assess caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies, determine the effect of educational intervention on knowledge regarding caring skills and coping ability of mothers with premature babies, compare the pretest and post test score of caring skills of mothers with premature babies, associate the caring skills and coping ability of mothers with selected demographic variables. The invention of the study was Single group pretest posttest pre experimental design experimental design. The study was conducted at KMCH maternity wards and NICU, Coimbatore, the sample size for this study was included 40 m others with premature babies. Purposive sampling technique was adapted for this study. And the abstract frameworks for this study were developed by applying Ludwigvon Bertalanffy (1968) general system theory. The outcome measure of this study was knowledge regarding caring skills of mothers were assessed before and after educational intervention through administration of structured questionnaire and the coping abilities of mothers were assessed through modify coping health inventory for parents (MCHIPS) computer assisted teaching was given to the mothers. The results of the study was the mean pretest and posttest knowledge scores of the mothers with premature babies before and after educational intervention were 12.12 and 18.while mean score of coping abilities of the mothers with premature babies were 82.65.In comparison of caring skills and coping abilities, t value of caring skills was 21.32 which is significant at 0.05 level. Coefficient of correlation between caring skills an d coping ability is 0.76 which shows that there is a high positive correlation between caring skills and coping ability. There is no association between pretest and posttest knowledge score of the respondents on caring skills of mothers with premature babies and their education, occupation, income, type of family. The conclusions of the study were the teaching intervention of the caring skills of premature babies has significantly improved their knowledge and coping abilities.

Purpose And Significance Of The Study Education Essay

Purpose And Significance Of The Study grooming EssayAccording to Alwright (1983), classroom-centred look into is any study which investigates what occurs in the classroom that occurrence could be related to the way a instructor interacts with his students the way students interact with single another the conditions which promote effectual erudition or anything else related to learning in the classroom. Throughout the past five days, the majority of MA overhead railway interrogation at Newcastle University has been predominantly classroom-centred Why?. Researchers suffer either examined and scrutinised the teaching practise, approaches and systemologies adopted in their own diverse, international teaching settings (Aslanidou, 2005 Al-Nufaie, 2006 Abu Baha, 2007 Al-Zughaibi, 2008 Chen, 2009) or they moderate explored a variety of cognitive and linguistic difficulties that L2 students face when learning English, suggesting possible causes and solutions to these problems ( Hu, 2005 Chou, 2006 Huang, 2007 Chen, 2008 Al-Rahbi, 2009). Although classroom-centred research is a fundamental part of ALT and unquestionably serves its aspiration if and when research conducted external to the classroom produces new insights into effective wrangle learning, it is equally significant as the essential aim of all ALT research is to bring to current world noesis (Hedge, 2000).A minute number of MA ALT researchers at Newcastle University have investigated topics which are external to the classroom yet promote effective dustup learning indirectly (Walter, 2006 Lambton, 2006 Pelik, 2008 Michalska, 2009) amazingly however, no researcher has ever inquired close the role EFL managers whitethorn or may not run into in linguistic communication learning. This is particularly surprising because global EFL launchs such as IH, price, and WSI all require sort out these acronyms prospective EFL managers to be MA ALT qualified. These institutes insist EFL managers posses s this qualification based upon the assumption that it equips them with the knowledge necessary to be a successful EFL manager. Contrary to their belief, although an MA ALT course does present new-made theories and debates regarding language learning, it fails to sufficiently address the specific makes of an EFL manager this is most perspicuous in the incident that there is no EFL Manager Theory Practice type module available for MA ALT students.Due to the lack of research or so EFL management, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of EFL managers in language learning. Although some ALT professors are intrigued by this research project and have clearly stated this is an elicit topic (Windeatt, 20102) others have their doubts approximately its relevance and have said I do not expression that this is remotely within my sphere of competence the question really is whether it is within Applied Linguistics. No need for this in my opinion but u could ask him about i t Essentially it deals with educational management the incident that the product is language teaching is no more relevant than groceries are to the management of Sainsburys (Cook, 20103). Though everyone is empower to his own opinion, this view towards ALT research and EFL management is arguably flawed for the following three reasonsFirstly, the carte du jour Directors of TESOL Inc. (2005) advise ALT researchers to be diverse in their choice of research topics in order for theories about effective language learning and teaching to continuously advance. They urge researchers to explore the field of ALT from a wide variety of angles and viewpoints and to be innovative in the type of research they conduct. To date, ALT research has demonstrate that language learning can be affected by learner styles psycho lucid factors teaching methods socio-cultural factors, and many an(prenominal) other issues (Hedge, 2000). In spite of this, there is no published material on the influence that EFL managers may or may not have on language learning, which implies this particular project is innovative and has the effectiveness to fill an obvious information gap.Secondly, the fact that this project is closely related to educational management, is not needfully a negative point on the contrary, this type of research may be part of the logical progression of ALT. Historically, ALT research has always followed a similar pattern to upbringing research (Grenfell, 1998). some(prenominal) fields were initially predominantly instructor-centred, meaning the majority of research conducted in these fields focused heavily upon teachers, teaching theory and practice. Over time, their research became student-centred, meaning the general research focus shifted toward the student, his experience as a learner, and methods of promoting effective learning. Essentially, research in both fields has historically been classroom-centred.In recent years however, Education research has taken a s tep outside of the classroom by looking at how external factors such as school administration affects learning (Charles, 2010). As will become evident from the literature review, there has been a substantial amount of research conducted on school effectiveness, which indicate that heartbeat only to explicit teaching, school management has the grea leaven influence on classroom learning. Based upon Education research, coupled with the recent emergence of global ALT seminars on EFL focussing and HE courses in EFL Management (ibid) it is reasonable to assume that future ALT research will explore the role of EFL managers in language learning more thoroughly.Thirdly, the mere fact that a world-renowned scholar of linguistics would imply there is no difference between managing a Sainsburys store and managing an EFL school is reason enough to conduct this research. If such a hypothesis is correct, then researching this topic could propose valuable information for EFL schools such as Bel l and IH mayhap they should be employing staff with general management experience and BAs in Business Studies rather than an MA in ALT? On the other hand, if such a hypothesis is in incorrect, then researching this topic could provide ALT researchers with new insights into the role management in language learning. Additionally, as pointed out by one of the participants of this study, research such as this is useful as it gives EFL managers the opportunity to reflect upon their own practice, and the way in which they contribute to a language students learning experience. Moreover, potential EFL managers, such as some of the students on this MA ALT programme, may find this research useful for the theories it presents regarding the role that they will eventually adopt.The acid test of theory in an applied discipline such as educational management or ALT is its relevance to practice (Bush, 200215).Scope Context of the StudyThe purpose of this study then, is to investigate the role of m anagement in language learning and it is arguably a significant piece of research, as it can have both academician and real-world implications for the reasons already mentioned. Initially, over a dozen private British Council accredited ESL schools throughout the U.K. were contacted and asked to participate in the study unfortunately, all of these schools declined without providing reasons why. Based upon their unwillingness to participate, and the guidance of Windeatt Cook (2010), it was decided that the most feasible method of research would be to conduct an exploratory case-study on the ESOL department of a public tertiary institute in the North East of England. I dont knowAccording to the participants who were interviewed in this study, the purpose of ESOL departments in British tertiary institutes is threefold1) To provide EFL courses for international students who indirect request to study in the UK for a fixed period of time, then return to their home countries. These stud ents generally tend to study EAP courses in conceptualisation for IELTS exams or entrance to a British university however, some of them study English for business purposes, whilst others simply want a general English course. Whatever the reason, these courses are similar to the types of courses provided by schools such as Bell and IH.2) To provide ESOL courses for people residing in the UK who want to live here permanently. These students are generally asylum seekers who have fled their own countries due to severe personal circumstances. They tend to study ESOL courses either in preparation of UK citizenship tests or to equip themselves with the language skills necessary to communicate by English in their day-to-day lives.3) To provide teacher training courses for native speakers of English who want to become EFL teachers or for current EFL teachers who want to gain just qualifications. These training courses can vary from Cambridge CELTA and DELTA courses to academic Diplomas and BAs in TEFL.The ESOL department which took part in this study was comprise of several managers and approximately seventy teachers.Organisation of chaptersHaving justified the purpose of this study and providing background information about its research context, the organisation of this dissertation essay is now presented belowChapter 1 Introduction this chapter highlights the importance of conducting research on the role of EFL managers in language learning, and introduces background information about the context of this research project.Chapter 2 Literature Review this chapter presents key theories about educational management and specifically looks at research into the claims Education researchers have made concerning the influence managers have on learning. Based upon these claims, the role of management in an ESOL context is discussedChapter 3 Methodology this chapter states the research question and describes the research design and procedures used in this study, including information about the participants and data collection methods employed.Chapter 4 Data Analysis this chapter provides a critical analysis of the results in congeneric to the literature review.Chapter 5 Conclusions finally, conclusions from the entire investigation are presented here.______________________________________________________

Intellectual Property Rights And The Fashion Industry Cultural Studies Essay

Intellectual shoes Rights And The Fashion Industry Cultural Studies EssayWith a gross unity-twelvemonth turnover of $750 billion per year the forge pains is at the top dog of the worlds economy. Un kindred virtu each(prenominal)y different goods, pot supplicate fake non for the added determine or feature that a modernistic level brings that for its own sake. People ( close toly females) of entirely ages pour over magazines tar turning the modish renown miens and whence go prohibited to retail musical mode shows or browse online in search of something confus equal to(p). This demand for the modish mood of the blue and famous has transpired into a business network with an influence across the globe. This orbiculate business has brought with it some(prenominal) legal issues. Particularly important is the copy of the celebrity mien that the masses nailm to want. This prove testament be broken in into common chord classifys. The first part testamen t examine the current responsibility of the justice both in Australia and some other jurisdictions. The second part allow for ask how the lawfulness great deal be switchd in Australia to prevail great security measures to the mould fabrication and the third part will control at whether or non this permute is necessary for the industry to grow. I will signal that the law exigencys to be re material bodyed in such a way that copy is prohibited entirely flocking (following celebrity tendencys) isnt.IP law the reasons for its existence.The modular argument for the existence of adroit berth sets is that without them copyists will free beat rearwards on the inventive efforts of others. Since most seminal efforts atomic number 18 sold for economic gain absent whatever understanding property rights the creators will project no incentive in creating when others fire copy their boundulates and profit from it. The foodstuff for books, movies and music is sa ved from industrial copying in Australia by the Copyright s pite. This put one across out pr planets the mass scale turnout of these creative works without licence or prior approval (with sure exceptions). This auspices, gives the industry the comfort of knowing that its protected from the free-riding act of copyists. Albeit a creative work, the elan industry remains enormously unprotected in many parts of the world. In Australia the Designs act of 2003 (which replaced the inventions act of 1906) is the primary form of protection of designs for the industry. It is helpful to note at this point that the sketches of designs atomic number 18 protected by the Copyright bite. Similarly, a new invention in clothing for role model a new material that can keep one doting in winter and cold in summer would be protected by the Patents crop. This undertake and is not concerned with those acts and their advantages or limits. This essay is concerned with the protection of design s designs, researched and manufactured by the big ornamentalist houses and and so copied by the high street for the masses.In a bid to thwart themselves from copying because of the absence of any laws to protect them the Fashion Originators Guild of the landed estates started self regulating the industry as early as the 1930s. Their regularity of regulation was to make water designs translateed with the Guild and any other firm copying these designs d be boycotted by members of the guild. The guilds activities were principled as a intrusion of U.S. antitrust laws by virtue of a ratiocination of the U.S. Supreme coquette of justice of law in 1941. What concern us though ar not the confine of that case, besides rather whether the Guilds efforts in defend intellectual property caused an amplification in innovation and more frequent designs. Randal Picker bring ups that the guilds efforts go to show that thither was a need by the high end designers for this pillo w slip of protection. He goes on to compete that the genuinely supposition of path government agency that the high end designers would only thrive in a trade which was heavily regulated. This is because they market goods to a niche of customers who want to pee what no one else has. These designers offer their customers unique one of a kind products and their customers leverage these because of the snob conjure up these customers want only what others dont stand. If thither is no protection for their designs these designs would be copied by the high street stores and hence the snob appeal of these goods will be lost. This means that these customers will not be uncoerced to pay such high prices for these goods as they do not see a differential value in them. Although this copying has been around for closely a century and a half the problem is worsening due(p) to improvements in randomness technology. The internet provides simultaneous access to slides worldwide pecu liarly the European direction weeks where big designers usually display their stuff and these ar copied almost immediately. The poor quality of these copies means that some of these producers can get the products out to the market abstainer than the original designers. This means that once the designers products get hold of the market they have already lost their unique appeal. Further, since this fast air run-offs have become more highly sophisticated the copyists can appear to even see which of the products seem to sell the most in the beginning they ascertain what to produce and they can then produce these trend delimitting items without having to move back on the risk that their investment efficiency not pay off. The primary conjecture of intellectual property would bring out this appalling. The big design houses fell millions of dollars on salaries for designers, researching market trends and organising expensive borderes and fashion shows. Copyists however free ride on this work and produce cheaper substitutes. According to the traditional theory of IP this should lead to an economic disincentive on the part of the big fashion houses causing them to research and produce less. However the converse is true. We see that the larger fashion houses go by to produce new creations e actually single year and the glamour of their products only increase. In order to understand why the standard disincentive is not in place we will need to odour at the theory of fashion.The Theory of fashionFashion theory dates back several carbon days. The Haute Couture stores of France were the strengthhouses of fashion. No sooner was an item makeed was it copied in the States and sold to a larger market for much cheaper. It is important to bring on the distinction between close copying on the one lead ( fashioning replicas) and participating in trends on the other. Fashion diversifys often with some styles acclivitous as trends only to be soon replaced b y other styles a leap quickly to hook on its place. The demand for fashion is not merely a physical need although some concourse will wish to purchase a new coast when their old one tears or a new cardigan because their old one explores worn. Fashion is more accurately a cultural expression. According to the fashion theory the theory of the untenanted class fashion is usually adopted by elites with the purpose of worldness different from the masses. The masses then admire and demands goods that will emulate the elites. so the elites abandon the older fashion, which has now been copied by the masses in favour of newer items that will distinguish them from the masses. This first theory of fashion suggests that fashion is driven by a an aspiration of social mobility on one over production (the masses severe to emulate the elite) and social stratification on the other (the elite trying to distinguish themselves from the masses)The other major theory is that of incorpora ted selection whereby fashion evolves finished the corporate process where many people, through their individual choices come to form the collective trend in society. The process of trend formation begins vaguely with a few people get something of a unique design in the emulation of a celebrity and others copying it until a trend is formed. This theory is not purely some copying the elite, rather it is people following fashion because they desire to be in fashion and associate themselves with the a la mode(p) styles and trends. This theory in like manner called the Zeitgeist theory works through a matter of individual choice and collective social tastes.Whatever the theory prevalent in society one thing is certain and that is that the masses cannot afford the styles of the elite. Very few people in our society can afford t shirts from Armani and jackets from Polo Ralph Lauren. These large fashion house brands retail items at several hundred dollars apiece fashioning it unaff ord suitable to the masses. Fast fashion copying is the solution. The fast fashion outlets like Zara and forevermore 21 provide these trend setting items at a fr feat of the price of the designer houses. One must not be fictitious here that they raise exact copies of these items, because they dont. Rather their in house designers make inspirational pieces following the same trend scarce different. The items are visually similar to the ones of the high fashion houses and this is what many condemnations has come ahead the courts under the Designs Act 2003 (Australia). Many of these fast fashion firms have shops on large high streets and have built themselves into a business empire.State of the law in AustraliaIn Australia until the 17th June 2004 designs were protected by the Designs Act of 1906. According to the older enactment in order to register the design the design had to beFeatures of shape, configuration, pattern or ornamentation applicable to an article, being featu res that, in the finished article, can be ventured by the eye, but does not include a method or principle of constructionThis lawmaking did not strike a balance between what are dole outed rarified objectives of design legislation to protect designs form free riding competitors but yet at the same time not stifle rival excessively much because innovation is usually a development on a previous design. The older legislation was in like manner impractical for the fashion industry because of the nature of the law itself. According to the old law the applier had to file a separate design readjustment for each revolution to the similar product. This is impractical as many items of fashion come in different colours and sizes.Further the design application needed to be examined by the designs office before adaptation was granted. This meant that designs had to be submitted before they could be registered. This too was impractical to the fashion industry for a number of reasons. Fi rstly, by the time the process of submitting the design and readjustment was complete the item would already have gone out of fashion given the relatively fast lifecycle of fast fashion. Further submitting the designs would mean the designs would have to be end earlier. unremarkably designers work on their designs until the last minute before the official launch working on extras until hours before the design goes public.The old designs regulation was distinctly impractical for fashion and the replacement legislation in the form of the Designs Act of 2003 hoped to iron out some of the problems. Under this act the fashion industry social welfareted heavily as protection was obtainable for more than one design (colour or size) of the same product. . However the official government fees for this is a drawback to the registration of more than one design of the same product. Under the new act the fees for the first design is $200 and for every random variable of that design a furt her $200. This heavy represent especially for the mid budget fashion houses is disadvantageous.Further the new legislation permits the design to be registered even before a full examination of the product is under soak upn. This gives time for the producers to negociate the designs even until the last minute before they are released. However, the examination whilst not required needs to take place before the owner can take action against anyone who infringes on this design. Getting this inspection carried out is courtly, costing $360 per variation of a design, and requires a lot of paper work in the form of photographs and a Statement of Newness and Distinctiveness explaining how this design is new and distinctive from any others on the market (without which the registrar might not be satisfy that the product is new and distinctive).The courts have taken an interesting approach to the headland of designs in the fashion industry. The first decision to be handed dismantle late r on the enactment of the Designs Act 2003 was the Federal Court of Australias decision in Review v Innovative Lifestyle Investments Pty Ltd and concerned a deck produced by Review and registered of which Innovative Lifestyle Investments produced an identical design. Justice Jessup constitute that the striking visual similarity between the designs and the time period in which they were produced (the ILI frock approaching out only a few months after Reviews) was an indication that the registered design was breached. However, calculating indemnification was difficult because Review did not wish to submit its gross sales figures to the court. thereof Justice Jessup awarded Review $7500 in damages due to minor passing play of reputation as not being a brand of originality and another $10,000 for ILI continuing the sale of the dresses after finding out about Reviews registration. ILI plans on appealing the decision so it will be interesting to see what decision the appellate cou rt hands down. This case shows that whilst there is competent legal protection in Australia for the protection of designs there are several limits to the protection. One such limitation is time. It took about seven months for the Review design to be registered. Items which are not timeless items like Reviews dress would have the long passed their fashion destruction before the registration of these items were completed. Since action cannot be taken until registration is completed this would mean that many designers would potentially not be willing to take action as the product would no longer be an item in stock. Further the need by the judges to assess the loss in sales would require firms to furnish in court their sales and projected sales figures. This might be highly lovesome information that they would not want competitors, in the highly competitive market, to know. Finally the value of damages awarded in this case was not high against ILI. If this case is anything to go by the exemplary damages are arguably not sufficient to deter copying. Rather many copyists would see this as merely the cost of doing business.Copying of items in the fashion industry can in like manner be protected by procure law. The copyright law provisions are used when there is an artistic or craftsmanship appeal to the garment. protection under this provision was brought before the courts in 2008 by Elwood a manufacturer of trendy youth attire. Elwood supposed that Cotton On had violated its copyright for two computer generated plans the New Deal tshirt and the swing tags attached to these garments. They alleged that Cotton On had sold several hundred tshirts which were visually similar to the New Deal tshirts. Cotton On conceded that the only difference was the diction but otherwise they had copied the design drawings. The first question the court had to consequence was whether the designs drawings were drawings and thus entitled to protection under the act (as artis tic works). The delineate to answering this question was whether the wording was to be read as textbook or whether they were for pictorial purposes. The court put up that they were a pictorial which was knowing to bring recognition to the Elwood brand. Accordingly the design drawings were the subject of the Copyrights Act.After determine that the designs were copyright works, the judge had to determine whether they were original Elwood drawings. The judge found on the evidence that this was an original drawing as Elwood had spent several weeks and a lot of effort creating them and thus they satisfied the originality criteria. That being assessed the judge had to then work out whether what Cotton on had copied descended to a substantial part. In his honours opinion Cotton On had copied only the shape and the form of the item and not the wording or symbols of the design and thus did not create a visual similarity with Elwoods design. His honour said that the spirit level of copy ing was in keeping with Cotton Ons theme, same but different.We see here that even through copyright law it is sternly for the copyright holders to have protection for their designs. The problem of free riding occurs when larger companies like Elwood carry out research and spend both time and property creating the brand and fashion statement. The copyists then free ride on this and tweak the designs slightly so that they can get around the law and as such they benefit from the hard work and risk taking of other firms.The Design/Copyright OverlapWhereas copyright law must traverse an element of artistic craftsmanship (such as the digital designs of both the tshirt and the tag in the Elwood case) or used to protect one off designs such as individual garments or pieces of jewellery garments which are commercially marketed need to be protected by the Designs Act. For many years governments have been trying hard to emphasise this distinction. Their rationale suggests that when it come s to the shape and style of designs the Designs Act is more appropriate and people wanting their items to be mass produced for commercial sales should register their designs. To give effect to this policy the government has included provisions in the copyright act to close the loopholes that existed in previous legislation. most of the provisions intend that purely two dimensional designs will have dual protection under the copyright and designs act. The other main change is that people creating works of artistic craftsmanship can choose whether or not to register the design (but registering will generally result in a loss of copyright). It follows that the design copyright overlap has been made clearer as a result of the amended designs act and changes to the Copyrights Act. This has been the governments attempt to make the laws clearer and friendlier to give designers a more protected environment in which to carry out their work.It can be seen however, that the cost of registeri ng the designs as well as the cost of enforcement of the registered design (litigation and related costs) are high in comparison to the damages receivable especially if the original designer is hesitant to make too many figures known to the court. Further, especially for claims under the Copyrights Act, the burden of proof is very high. The courts have been very careful to interpret the word substantial and as was seen in the Elwood case, although the copyright was found in favour of Elwood the court held the ending in favour of Cotton On because they said that the visual appearance was not substantially similar to the Elwood design. This decision begs the question as to whether items can be copied so long as the colour and wording has changed. Whilst this might be perfectly acceptable in other industries, judges weaken to understand the uniqueness of fashion, where it is not the item itself that matters but the advertising, marketing and style promotion than creates the trend for the item. It is arguable then that when considering designs and copyright protection the court should look deeply into merely just the design or drawing and focus on the value of the design or drawing in creating the trend fashion. That said, it is difficult to assess where exactly the trend originated. Some argue that the trend originates with the celebrities in Hollywood and others argue that the trends originate from the catwalks of Europe. These claims are however disputable as there are new and emerging fashion design centres around the world especially in Australia where the seasons are verso to those of the countries in the Northern hemisphere making it impractical to follow their trends. Thus the onus of proving who started a trend might eventually mean that there is no protection for any designer since all fast fashion designs are usually a variation of some trend or item.ReformsThe US lacks fashion copyright protection completely and this has given rise to an entire ind ustry that copies and tweaks. Fashion industry specialists call this blatant plagiarism looking great for cheap. One fashion expert reports that a high street fashion brand like Forecer 21 copies and retails a $2000 dress for $80 and even shoes by the renowned designer Balenciaga worth(predicate) over $600 dollars is copied and sold by Steve Madden for $60. The lack of adequate safeguards in the US as opposed to Australia is the cause of this. Experts say that the up and coming designers are those at the biggest risk because they can ill afford the legislation needed to fight back. The Australian law can perhaps take some ideas for reform from the amendments suggested by the US Copyrights office.The first as a part of several suggestions is that the protection time frame be disgrace from 10 years to 3 years. This is because the haute couture fashion where items retail for several hundred dollars a piece will usually have lost their exclusivity or reached the end of their fashio n peak well deep down the threesome years. Although designs change fast a reason for the longer period of three years is to also include classic fashion items like the Guy suit of clothes by Hugo Boss.Another reform that has been suggested that we might adopt in Australia is that registration must be completed and take place within three months from the date that it goes public. This means that once a design is registered the designer has upto three months to organise for the inspection to be carried out for the item. This gives the designer more tractability to decide which designs are profitable and then decide which ones he wants to register thus saving on the costs of statutory fees and paperwork.Finally they suggest that there be a special fashion mount set up to deal with the fashion industry where a group of experts individually asses the item such that they can better understand the subtleties of a new design as opposed to an old one and thus the granting of registrati on will be fairer. Along with this Ralph Brown suggests that in order to make the enforcing more affordable this board be also given the power to handle conflicts. He argues that this be the first instance board that reviews the complaints that designers have if they feel that their designs have been breached. This board should be entrusted with the power to make a non binding directive (after analysing the evidence) in favour of or against the claimant. He argues that because this board will be made up of fashion experts they will be in a better position to analyse the breaches. If Australia had a arrangement like this, then the Elwood decision might not have been resolved the way it was. This board would have been able to realise the subtleties of the trend style which His Honour in that case failed to see. In other words they will interpret the law in the context of the industry and not on the black letter analysis of the law. He concedes that the court is the ultimate arbitrat or and he argues that if one or both parties are not willing to settle based on the boards directive then they could appeal the decision to court. The rationale for this approach is that to save costs and reputation most firms will settle out of court. What is important in any reform is having a balance between protecting the designs of those whose spend time, skill and specie develop the latest fashions against the interests of the masses who want to be in fashion and who are willing to buy the cheaper counterfeits. The recommendations mentioned above would definitely allow designers to make the most of protecting their designs and their investments. In keeping with the standard theory of intellectual property it is likely to increase investment in the industry. The large fashion houses might be willing to come up with more designs, and varieties of designs because they feel that there is an inexpensive way of enforcing their intellectual property rights. At the same time younger designers will be willing to release more designs into the market because they feel that they are better protected and can enforce their intellectual property system in a way that is understandable and cost effective to them.On the other hand the method proposed above would benefit the high street fast fashion firms as a adroit eye in the board is likely to be able to cope the difference between blatant copying and trends. Zara for example will be able to produce in the confidence that when they produce dresses a teach eye in the design board will be able to easily tell that theirs is not an imitation of an original dress but rather a variation in style but within the scope of trends. This is something that the judges find hard to understand because as Susan Scaffidi (one of the most prolific fashion law writers) put it it is hard to have a sixty seventy year old white man look at an item of chic ladies fashion and decide whether or not copyright has been breached.Another propo sed reform is that the costs of applying for design can be reduced by the government. The UWA faculty of law expert has written that making the registration process cheaper might be possible by maintaining an online database of all the designs. He argues that if design registration is cheaper more designers are going to look to it and this will be better for the intellectual property politics.The bigger fashion houses also argue that their selling point is that their styles are unique and those who purchase from them pay so much because of the snob appeal of the item. They argue that with so much copying their unique designs become less unique and as such they have to keep designing more items to keep up the unique appeal. Alain Wertheimer , Chairman of Chanel when asked about this in an interview to the Newsweek said that because of the vast amount of copying going on in the industry people are willing to pay less and less for designer clothes as they see no snob appeal in them. She says that as a result the bigger fashion houses are finding it hard to survive and that her brand too has had to undergo diversification to survive. Donatella Versace arguing on the same point says that Versace has had to diversify into manufacturing lifestyle items and dinner sets too because of depleted protection by the government.Raustiala and Sprigman, in their article the Piracy Paradox argue very strongly that a strong intellectual property regime will not change anything. They argue that people keep demanding the latest trends and as long as the demand is there the suppliers will continue to provide for it. They also argue that the market will not change by much because the masses will not be able to afford the original designs anyway. They rationalise this theory to a fixed amount that people are willing to pay for items even if they were Zeitegists. This is because after a point fashion becomes a luxury good and the demand is thusly inelastic. People, they argue, afte r a point are not willing to give over necessities for luxury goods and will do one of two things, either do without it or be content with older collections.They further argue in direct rebuttal to the claims of Alain Wertheimer and Donatella Versace that as a result of the big fashion house designs being copied and reproduced people who demand the unique style that comes with these designer products will keep purchasing more and it is good for their business. Their rebuttal to this is found in their theory of induce obsolescence. They argue that because clothing is about perception the demand for the goods is because the highly fashionable people have them and to not have them means that one is unfashionable. They also argue that in line with the theory of the leisure class that once more people have it those who demand unique products will want something else for the snob appeal. They argue that this causes the cycle all over again. Thus we can see that as more items are copied this puts pressure on the fashion houses to produce newer and more distinctive items. As such they can produce more often and their profits increase. Logically, it then flows that copying whilst being a part of the business of the copyist firms is also beneficial to the large fashion houses because the elite will keep demanding newer styles and this increases their business. This is called induced obsolescence by copying.They further argue that by the masses flocking to buy the latest styles there is an automatic trend created and as such the large fashion houses benefit because those on the marginal income lines will tend to purchase the fashion house brands so that they can be a part of the trend. It is also arguable that because the trends are so short lived for most of the casual rupture collections (an average style time for the Armani Tees is seven months) even if there are tougher intellectual property law few firms would go through the ail of registering all but their mos t classic designs.ConclusionIn this essay we have looked at the reasons for the existence of intellectual property generally. We have then identified the theories of fashion and seen how people demand in style products so the copyists employ designers not to make an exact replica of the item but to make an item similar such that the item is a part of the trend. We have then considered the law in Australia. We have looked at how the Designs Act and the Copyright Act play an important role in protecting the designs and drawings of the designers. We have identified that the courts have had a mixed approach to enforcing right under the act. We saw in the Review decision the impracticality of taking an action to Court under the Designs Act. We saw that this impracticality was because the claimant needs to submit highly sensitive figures for the courts to make a decision. Further, we saw that the Elwood decision in which it is probable that the judge misunderstood that what Elwood was doi ng was setting a trend for printed tees. We then argued that it is impossible for courts to find the difference between trends and styles and argued that perhaps we do not want them to rule against style. This paper also suggested possible reforms to the law and to the method in which the law should be administered. These reforms flow from our previous analysis of the method of administration of the law being impractical. It was proposed that the proposed methods would help the administration of the system as well as make a more streamlined an easier system for designers to enforce their rights.However, when we consider the theories of fashion as a whole and when we consider the article by Raustiala and Sprigman, we see that reform really isnt necessary. Reform will not dynamically change the face of the industry because most designers will not go through the trouble of registering their designs as the design life cycles are very short and the trouble taken to register designs is no t worth their while.We also see that reform is not necessary because copying (otherwise referred to as trend setting) is helpful to the big fashion houses. It stimulates designs for their products and increases their sales. We started off by saying that the industry is worth $750 billion a year. There seems to be enough money to go around. Any changes which impose tighter control will only reduce the value of the industry and push many out of business.