(Updated Guide) Weighted GPA Calculator

(Refreshed Guide) Weighted GPA Calculator SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Doubtlessly, during secondary school you've taken a blend of classes: a few distinctions, some norm, and some APs. The weighted GPA mirrors that those classes have distinctive trouble levels. So what's the most straightforward approach to make sense of what your weighted GPA is? We have two incredible strategies to ascertain it! What Is a Weighted GPA? Your GPA, or evaluation point normal, is a route for universities to rapidly observe a strong, rundown marker of your knowledge, hard working attitude, readiness to challenge yourself, and aptitudes. A weighted GPA features the difficult work and challenge of your secondary school vocation by reflecting whether the classes you took were standard level, praises level, or AP/IB level. It does this by including .5 to each respect class GPA change decimal and adding 1 to each AP class transformation decimal, making a scale that goes from 0.0 to 5.0. Along these lines, for instance, envision Diane gets An in AP French and Sven gets An in standard level Geography. A weighted GPA would perceive that the AP class was doubtlessly harder, so Diane’s A would get 5.0, while Sven's An eventual 4.0. Here is a table that clarifies how this typically functions in more detail: Letter Grade Percentile Standard GPA Respects GPA AP/IB GPA A+ 97-100 4.0 4.5 5.0 A 93-96 4.0 4.5 5.0 A- 90-92 3.7 4.2 4.7 B+ 87-89 3.3 3.8 4.3 B 83-86 3.0 3.5 4.0 B- 80-82 2.7 3.2 3.7 C+ 77-79 2.3 2.8 3.3 C 73-76 2.0 2.5 3.0 C- 70-72 1.7 2.2 2.7 D+ 67-69 1.3 1.8 2.3 D 65-66 1.0 1.5 2.0 F Underneath 65 0.0 0.0 0.0 How Do You Calculate Your Weighted GPA? There are two distinct approaches to figure your weighted GPA. Class-by-class strategy This strategy experiences every one of the classes that you've taken, individually: #1: First, convert all the last class grades you’ve gotten, monitoring whether the course was respects level, AP level, or standard. #2: Next, include these changed over decimals†this is your total. #3: Then, check the all out number of classes you have taken. #4: Finally, partition the entirety by the quantity of classes and round to the closest tenth-this is your weighted GPA. Genius tip: you can't just include every individual year's GPAs together and partition by 4 since you may have taken an alternate number of classes every year. Arranged classes easy route technique In the event that you've just done an unweighted GPA count, at that point this technique is for you: #1: First, tally independently the quantity of standard classes, praises classes, andAP classes that you've taken. #2: Next, include yourunweighted changed over gradesum+(.5*number of praises classes) + number of AP classes. This is your weighted aggregate. #3: Finally, partition the weighted aggregate by the complete number of classes you've taken. Step Calculation We should gothrough a case of how this functions by and by bycalculating the weighted GPA of spymaster aliasJane Doe. We will be figuring the GPA Jane submits on her school applications, so we will leave off her senior year grades. Note that on hertranscript, classes set apart with a â€Å"+† are respects classes, and those set apart with a â€Å"a† are AP classes. First let’s convert her evaluations. I will change over them into weighted and unweighted position so you can see the distinction: ninth grade tenth grade th grade Unweight. Weight. Unweight. Weight. Unweight. Weight. 3.0 4.0 3.3 3.8 3.3 4.3 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.8 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.8 4.0 5.0 3.3 3.8 3.7 4.7 4.0 5.0 Complete 17.0 18.5 17.3 19.3 18.6 22.1 Respects classes 2 2 1 AP classes 0 1 3 Complete number of classes 6 6 6 Kid, Jane truly ventured up her game junior year! Pleasantly done. Class-by-class strategy: Total of weighted scores=59.4 Number of classes taken = 15 Jane'sweighted GPA =59.4/15 = 4.0 Arranged classes strategy: Total of unweighted scores = 52.9 Number of respects classes = 5 Number of AP classes = 4 Number of classes taken = 15 Weighted total = 52.9 + (.5 * 5) + 4 = 59.4 Jane's weighted GPA = 59.4/15 = 4.0 What’s Next? Since you've experienced our weighted GPA adding machine, check whether Jane was on the whole correct to go hard and fast scholastically junior year by realizing which year of secondary school is the most significant for your school applications. Let us assist you with making sense of the upsides and downsides of weighted and unweighted GPAs with our thorough clarification. Investigate what a positive or negative GPA score is, and how you contrast with the normal secondary school understudy. Get the scoop on whether universities utilize weighted or unweighted GPAs while evaluating your application. Need to improve your SAT score by 160 or your ACT score by 4? We've composed a guide for each test about the main 5 techniques you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point:

Breakfast Of Champions Essays - Kilgore Trout,

Breakfast Of Champions Book Report on Breakfast of Champions By Marcel Burney At the point when one hears the expression Breakfast of Champions, he imagines a smiling image of Tiger Woods, Michael Jordan dominating, or Dale Earnhardt in a racecar on a container of Wheaties, a well known breakfast grain. A couple of enthusiastic Saturday Night Live fans may review a play performed by James Belushi. In the production, Belushis Breakfast of Champions was brew, cigarettes, and doughnuts. Neither of these models are the subject of Kurt Vonneguts Breakfast of Champions or Good Bye Blue Morning. A Breakfast of Champions is really a martini. Breakfast of Champions is a work of fiction with semi-self-portraying implications. The primary characters of the book are Kilgore Trout, Dwayne Hoover, and Philboyd Sludge. Kilgore Trout introduces aluminum mix storm windows and screens and composes sci-fi books and short stories. He has no desire to be a renowned essayist, so he sends his attempts to obscene magazine organizations to be distributed. The names and characters of his works are regularly changed all the while, and he is once in a while paid for his endeavors. Dwayne Hoover claims a fruitful Pontiac vendor. He gradually loses his rational soundness as the plot unfurls. Philboyd Sludge makes these characters and shows up in the story to watch the characters as the story advances. Breakfast of Champions portrays the account of Kilgores travel to Midland City to talk at a celebration of expressions. Kilgore, from the outset, dismisses the greeting, yet he chooses to go in light of the fact that he needs to be an agent of the considerable number of thousands of craftsmen who committed their whole lives to a quest for truth and beautyand didnt find doodley-squat (37). He means to catch a ride to Midland City and show up at human expressions celebration as an awful elderly person. En route, he is looted. He keeps bumming a ride and is gotten different truckers. He strolls to his lodging subsequent to being trapped in a congested road a mile away. Kilgores shows up at the inn. He plans to make a fabulous passage as a red-peered toward, soiled old animal however is foiled when the work area assistant remembers him. Kilgore tidies up and makes a trip down to the mixed drink relax, where he would before long meet Dwayne Hoover. Kilgores luminescent shirt under the bright lights draws in Hoover to his table. Hoover requests for Kilgore to give him the message. Hoover grabs Now It Can Be Told, one of Kilgores books, from the table. The book says that there is just one being with choice, every other person is a robot (253). The book makes Hoover crazy. He accepts he is the just one with through and through freedom. He starts assaulting individuals in the parlor. He gnaws off Kilgores center finger. Hoover leaves the lodging and assaults the individuals he meets outside until he is set in a psychological emergency clinic. After Kilgore leaves the medical clinic, he meets Philboyd Sludge, who uncovers that he is Kilgores maker. Philboyd then liberates him. Vonnegut makes a few social editorials all through the novel. The most perceptible are shading and opportunity. He depicts Christopher Columbus as a white ocean privateer who finds a land previously settled by the copper-shaded Native Americans (11). The ocean privateers made an administration which turned into a signal of opportunity to people wherever else (10). Nonetheless, the ocean privateers made a legislature that claimed slaves, which were dark. The arrangement of bondage and persecution of Native Americans completely negated the establishment of America. Philboyd liberated Kilgore toward the finish of the novel, which was like the liberation of the slaves. I delighted in perusing Vonneguts Breakfast of Champions. The book gave a new knowledge on society, despite the fact that it was written in 1973. I appreciated the turmoil that Kilgore made along his movement to Midland City. His affected individuals to rename mirrors to spills, which suggested that mirrors were holes to different universes. Kilgore likewise persuaded the police division and paper to accept that a simply anecdotal group, the Pluto Gang, assaulted and ransacked him. An article was distributed in the paper, which made guardians caution their kids to keep an eye out for the Pluto Gang. Vonnegut portrays society reasonably precisely. The book made me take a gander at history and society in another light. Book Reports

Pros and Cons of Using a Research Paper Writing Service

Pros and Cons of Using a Research Paper Writing ServiceShould you consider hiring a research paper writing service? If you are having trouble coming up with an essay on your own, then you may need the help of a professional writer. In this article, we'll take a look at some of the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing the services of a research paper writing service.Writing an essay is a big task that can consume a lot of time. If you're finding it difficult to write, you can rest assured that your professor is too. And if your professor notices that you aren't coming up with ideas for your essays as you should, he or she will probably start giving you negative feedback. But there is hope! You don't have to spend lots of time trying to come up with something.Using a service can save you a lot of time. It's not necessary to write every aspect of your research paper in a single day. Instead, you can write a rough draft and then revise it after it has been edited by your research pa per writing service. You can have your essay completed within the same day if you are able to get a good piece of work done on your own.A lot of service providers also provide editing services. Some will take your rough draft and edit it for grammar, punctuation, etc. These changes can really make a huge difference in the way your essay comes out. Just think about how your fellow students will read your work.If you feel like you aren't good at writing essays, then don't worry because a research paper writing service can help you out with that too. You won't have to spend countless hours thinking up something on your own. Instead, you will be given a rough draft and then get someone else to edit it for you.The other advantage of hiring someone to do the writing for you is that you don't have to give them all of your ideas. It's up to the research paper writing service to generate your ideas and give you the best possible ones. You will just have to take notes while they read over you r rough draft and edit it. They are only bound by the rules of grammar and spelling that they use.You can also ask for a summary of your paper before it is submitted. This is a time when you have the most research to write so you want to make sure you can rely on your writing abilities and be confident in it. Hiring a service can really help with this part of the process.Many universities and colleges to encourage students to write their own research paper instead of relying on a research paper writing service. Using the tips outlined above, you can find out which one would be the best choice for you. As long as you follow the rules, you shouldn't have any trouble completing your essay.

Risk Management Strategies Essay - 2593 Words

Introduction Financial or technical, commercial or legal, the risk can affect an organization at any given time. Operations and compliance along with laws and regulations input by an organization have an important role in controlling the factor of risk within a project. As Pinto (2013) well noticed, projects tend to operate in an environment composed of uncertainty. There are projects that succeed and others that fail. The difference between these two types of project is given by the plan developed as well as the level of risk. More so, in the event in which the critical path for a project has a high level of risk, the way the resources are used once the risk factor was identified becomes crucial for the success of the project. Risk†¦show more content†¦Considering that health care companies are evaluating operational efficiencies, meeting their expenditures can help the healthcare organizations survive on the long run. (Hall, n.d) The risk management strategies are presented easily with the help of an important tool, the risk matrix. There are people that are willing to take a high level of risk while others are not ready to risk anything; unless they are reassured that nothing will go wrong. According with Onkuwa (2010) this group of people is interested more in preserving capital and reputation. They are unlikely to take an unacceptable level of risk for high gains. Regardless of the type of risk taker one is, having a method of determining and estimating the level of risks is crucial in any business and organization. Different levels of risk have different approaches and handling strategies. Critical Path at Risk According with Pinto (2013) the risk management is a four-stage process. The first step in the process is represented by the risk identification. In this step, the critical path is identified and any risk associated with it that might occur in the life of the project. Any delay in the critical path can have high impact on the final result of the project. This is why the project managers are looking to determine the specific risk factors that are expected to affect the project. A close monitoring of the project’s progress can offer a betterShow MoreRelatedA Comprehensive Risk Management Strategy1541 Words   |  7 PagesA comprehensive risk management strategy addresses items such as: (1) The scope of the risk management effort, (2) Methods and tools to be used for risk identification, risk analysis, risk mitigation, risk monitoring, and communication, (3) Project-specific sources of risks, (4) How these risks are to be organized, categorized, compared, and consolidated, (5) P arameters, including likelihood, consequence, and thresholds, for taking action on identified risks, (6) Risk mitigation techniques to beRead MoreRisk Assessment Methodologies And Risk Management Strategies888 Words   |  4 PagesRisk Assessment Methodologies Risk assessment is a key component to Risk Management strategies. If this assessment is ignored or not done correctly, vulnerabilities can be overlooked or not addressed at all leaving systems exposed. 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Accordingly, it isRead MoreImportance Of Alignment Of It Risk Management Strategy1493 Words   |  6 Pagesof IT risk management strategy to organizational goal when business and IT operate in alignment, clearly visible links identify which IT assets and operations support business operations and the value they create. This visibility transforms IT from a cost center to a driver of business value. Alignment clarifies how IT resources may be deployed to market quicker, deliver more effective service to customers, and generate new returns streams for the business. Aligning an organization’s IT risk strategyRead MoreThe Perfect Risk Management : An Evaluation And Strain Strategy Of Risk3010 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Risk management is the process of the measurement, assessment and strain strategy of risk. The perfect risk management is a series of processes whose priorities are are arrayed already. 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New information technologies make it possible t o extend supply chains to global markets (Sahin and Robinson 2002, cited by Talluri, Kull, YildizRead MoreRisk Management For Bidding Strategy Of Wind Power Producer2042 Words   |  9 PagesRisk Management for Bidding Strategy of Wind Power Producer in Electricity Market: Comparative Study Line 1: Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation Line 2: Author’s Name/s per 1st Affiliation Line 3 (of Affiliation): Dept. name of organization Line 4: name of organization, acronyms acceptable Line 5: City, Country Line 6: e-mail address if desired Line 1: Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation Line 2: Author’s Name/s per 1st Affiliation Line 3 (of Affiliation): Dept. name of organization Line 4: name ofRead MoreHeinz Company - Integrating Business Strategies and Risk Management2777 Words   |  12 PagesHeinz Company - Integrating Business Strategies and Risk Management Background of the company No firm outdid H.J. Heinz in enunciating the benefits of welfare work to consumers. Sketching in consumers minds a link between the conditions under which products were assembled and their final market value, Henry Heinz made the Heinz label a household word. Unique in its success, the Heinz approach characterized consumer focused welfare publicity in two important ways. First, acute anxietiesRead MorePhysical Education- Applying Risk Management Strategies to an Outdoor Activity (Snorkeling) Exemplar1427 Words   |  6 Pagesapply risk management strategies to outdoor activities associated with the water/beach such as snorkelling and swimming. Our class practiced snorkelling skills (ie. Clearing snorkels, equalising, dolphin kicking) in the school pool and at Picnic Bay/Mangawhai which was preparation for snorkelling at Goat Island marine reserve. We analysed the possible risks and hazards that could occur during these activities and the factors that may cause them. As a class, we had to come up with strategies to preventRead MoreThe Strategy Of Risk Management1541 Words   |  7 PagesBanc One’s overall strategy of risk management is to stay within a permissible limit of earnings sensitivity. Based on the last meeting, it was decided that for 50 basis points increase (average over a year) in the interest rates, the level of earnings change should not be more than 4%. Banc One also used a balancing portfolio for asset-liability management, which consisted of investments in conventional securities and derivatives with an underlying mandate to achieve a reasonable rate of return

Bp Oil Spill Case Study - 1237 Words

BP Oil Spill Case Study Brooke Campbell Lander University ere several factors that contributed to the accident: †¢ Valve Failure: The pipe was sealed in two different ways. The pipe was filled with cement and it also had two different valves to stop the flow of gas and oil. All of the valves did not operate correctly, causing the oil and gas to go up through the pipe and head towards the surface. †¢ Leak was spotted too late: The crew at the surface should have been able to see or detect that there was a flow of oil and gas that was going towards the surface by looking at different pressures that were not supposed to be there. There was a pressure increase 50 minutes before the rig exploded, but nobody realized. †¢ Absense of Gas Alarm: There should have been an alarm that sounded and should have triggered ventilation fans to prevent gas being able to get lit, but the alarm system failed to work or operate. †¢ Absense of BOP Battery: Because of the explosion, the control lines that the workers were using to try to close safety valves in the blowout preventer were destroyed. But the blowout preventer has its own safety device where two different systems should have automatically closed the valves once contact was lost with the surface. Of the two systems, one of them had a battery that did not work and the other one had a defective switch. †¢ Overwhelmed Separator: The members of the crew had the choice of pushing the mud and gas away from the rig, which would vent itShow MoreRelatedCase Study on Bp Oil Spill816 Words   |  4 PagesGROUP PROJECT- CASE STUDY | A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the course | | MODERN INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT | INSTRUCTORS: PROF. S.K. BARUA PROF. J.R. VARMAACADEMIC ASSOCIATE: MS. VAISHALI SATTAREPORT PREPARED BYGROUP 12MEENAKSHI DEOGAM M. SHYAMNIMISHA SAXENARAGHAV YADAVROHAN ANANDDATE OF SUBMISSION: 24TH AUGUST, 2010 | | Effect of BP oil spill and subsequent market reaction on the assets of pension funds andRead MoreCase Study: BP and the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill3602 Words   |  15 Pages......................................................2 Do you agree with Tony Hayward’s quote at the end of the case? .................................................................2 Was this disaster strictly a BP failure or an industry accident?........................................................................2 What factors affect the competitive environment of the oil industry? ...........................................................2 Question 2 ...............................Read MoreBp And The Gulf Of Mexico Oil Spill Case Study3246 Words   |  13 Pages BP and the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Case Study Tamatha French Management 6000 Hawaii Pacific University â€Æ' Introduction and Background On April 20, 2010, the petroleum industry suffered the largest maritime disaster oil spill in its history known as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The Deepwater Horizon oil rig that had been working on a well for BP in the Gulf exploded and went up in flames. Subsequently, massive amounts of oil spilled out into the water, threatening the marine life andRead MoreKey Stakeholders And Their Involvement1159 Words   |  5 Pagesfalling since the explosion, and have not returned to the original value before the incident (Read, 2010). Dividends were also not given out that year (ibid). As such, BP had to take measures to regain shareholder confidence. This incident also led to the resignation of BP’s Chief Executive Tony Hayward. Government As the oil spill concerned United States’ citizens and land, the US government stepped in to overlook the clean up of the disaster (Read, 2010). Aside from setting up a $20 billion fundRead MoreBritish Petroleum on the Treatment of Environment and Workers1720 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction British Petroleum (BP) was originated in 1866 and is one of the main providers of oil and gasoline in the world, and the single largest in North America. The company functions in 28 countries worldwide, refining an average 2,352 barrels of oil per day. During the years, BP has had major occurrences in which their workers have been hurt or even not survived, triggering tremendous damage to the environment too. Primarily accidents started to happen during March 2005, when Texas CityRead MoreStrategic And Value Of Operations Management1599 Words   |  7 Pagesshareholders and stakeholders. This case study will briefly explore the importance of managing activities in today’s modern operations, and why it is critical to understand the strategic and value of operations management. 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We begin by introducing the concept of CSR and the concept of Sustainable Development, than we emphasize on the importance of the two concepts, we also show a case study of a company that didn’t take these values into consideration, the impact of the company’s behavior on the company itself and on the stakeholders as well, and finally we conclude the study by a critical opinion and some recommendations. This study was based onRead MoreWhy Law And Ethics Should Be Legal1501 Words   |  7 Pagesethics would be the recent oil spill. The third-largest energy company that produces about 3.8 million barrels of oil and gas per day and also owns 22,400 service stations over the world is the company, BP. However, on April 20th, 2010, that same company created one of the greatest oil spill disasters recorded in the U.S. history in the Gulf of Mexico. The Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion caused the deaths of 11 workers, injured 17 workers as well as a humungous oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico,

Essay on Arguments For and Against a Smoking Ban - 1426 Words

Tobacco is one of the most widely-used recreational drugs in the world; mainly in the form of cigarettes, but also in cigars and pipes, and in combination with cannabis and marijuana in joints. Although most countries put age restrictions on its use, over a billion adults smoke tobacco legally every day, and supplying this demand is big business. As well as having serious health consequences for smokers themselves, the pollution of other peoples atmospheres with cigarette smoke also makes this an environmental issue. Attitudes have changed rapidly over the past twenty years. In the developed world, public opinion has shifted against smoking. By the 1990s, the sheer weight of evidence had forced†¦show more content†¦The law steps in to prevent citizens causing harm to others, whether deliberately or accidentally. However, it should not stop them taking risks themselves - for example, dangerous sports such as rock-climbing, parachuting or motor-racing are legal. It is also leg al to indulge in other health-threatening activities such as eating lots of fatty foods, taking no exercise, and drinking too much alcohol. Banning smoking would be an unmerited intrusion into personal freedom. 2) Cigarettes are very different from dangerous cars or poisonous foods. As the proposition points out, cigarettes are not dangerous because they are defective; rather they are inherently, potentially, harmful. But people should still be allowed to choose to buy and smoke them. A better comparison is to unhealthy foods. High cholesterol or a high intake of fat can be extremely harmful, leading to heart disease, obesity, and other conditions; but manufacturers of these products are not punished. Consumers simply like the taste of fatty food. People should be allow to smoke cigarettes and to eat fatty foods - both these things are sources of pleasure which, while having serious associated health risks, are only fatal after many decades, unlike a poisonous food or an unsafe car, which pose immediate and high risks. 3) A comparison to hard drugs is inaccurate - tobacco is not debilitating in the same way that manyShow MoreRelatedBanning Of The Law Of India1326 Words   |  6 Pagesorganisational management, we will examine one such decision made by the Government of India in 2001. The decision was whether to approve a bill that would place a ban on all tobacco advertising, including the sponsorship of sports and cultural events (Ban on tobacco ads by the government of India, 2001). After looking at the arguments of the bill’s supporter and its objectors, we will analyse each perspective and make an ethical decision based on this analysis. THE CASE FOR Those in favour of banningRead MoreBan All Advertising From The Tobacco Industry850 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2001, there was an argument by the government of India trying to decide whether or not it was a good idea to ban all advertising from the tobacco industry. The government’s main goal was to find a way to reduce the number of teenagers using tobacco. The government believed that these advertisements encouraged teens to start smoking or to continue smoking if they were doing it already. As expected, this situation created a lot of tension between the government and the tobacco industry. This createdRead MoreShould Smoking Be Effective?1350 Words   |  6 Pagesthe topic of smoking. Some argue that smoking has risen to the level of a public health crisis, and cite some very distributing statistics in order to support those claims. For example, the Centers for Disease Control (2015) estimates that 6 million Americans die each year from tobacco, and the direct medical cost s associated with treating smokers tops 150 billion dollars annually. These facts have motivated many public policy makers to consider new ways to deter Americans from smoking, including heavilyRead MorePersuasive Essay On Smoking713 Words   |  3 PagesDuring the past few decades it has come to light that smoking kills. The federal government mandates that every pack of cigarettes carry a warning on it that smoking can lead to health problems including death. But the messages are rather clinical, for example: â€Å"Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy.† Smoking is a danger to one’s own health but there is now evidence that smoking can affect others as well. Second hand smoke has been shown to cause cancerRead MoreCigarettes And Long Term Health Effects984 Words   |  4 Pagescigarettes and long term health effects or smoking related illnesses. The case in India had the government engaged in a dialogue and democratic d ebate on if they wanted to create an advertising ban on cigarettes. They wanted to prevent undue influence on their youth to take up smoking and in so doing save their lives or possible future health care expenditures. To help support their position for doing so they studied the effects that bans on advertising smoking had on other countries. AccordingRead MoreSmoking Should be Banned in Public Places Essays1464 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the past few decades it has come to light that smoking kills. The federal government mandates that every pack of cigarettes carry a warning on it that smoking can lead to health problems including death. But the messages are rather clinical, for example: â€Å"Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy.† Smoking is a danger to one’s own health but there is now evidence that smoking can affect others as well. Second hand smoke has been shown to cause cancerRead MoreShould Smoking Be Legal?1706 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking tobacco has been in existence for thousands of years. For most of its existence smoking has been acceptable, tolerable, and permitted in our mainstream society. In recent years, smoki ng tobacco has been under scrutiny. Smoking bans have been introduced to restrict smokers from smoking in public and private places. For example, restaurants, bars, hotels, parks, and beaches throughout the United States have established the bans against public smoking. I discovered this has significance as itRead MoreBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA800 Words   |  4 PagesBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA In 2004 the government of India banned tobacco companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products as well as empower the government with the power to launch an anti tobacco program. . This issue created a serious problem in that it was both ethical and commercial, the government on one hand, believe it was its responsibility to protect the welfare ofRead MoreThe Impact of Smoking Bans875 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of Smoking Bans Few issues over the use of public and commercial space ignite more impassioned disagreement than that over indoor smoking bans. With evidence of the dangers of second-hand smoking having achieved a state of being incontrovertible, lawmakers, lobby groups and public health advocacy groups have taken steps to diminish the exposure to second-hand smoke experienced by individuals on the whole. While the benefits of a smoking ban in bars, restaurants, clubs and other suchRead MoreThe Ban On Tobacco Advertisements977 Words   |  4 Pagestask when it comes to issues which need ethical and commercial considerations. The ban on tobacco advertisements in India is no exception as India is a country which preserves its ethics but at the same time wants to develop. Those in favour of the ban supported it as follows; As to discourage adolescents from taking up smoking; since the advertising agents put up slick and colorful adverts which make smoking to be deemed as cool by the youths, so the government and some human rights watch dogs

Essay on Societys Role in Child Labour Essay Example For Students

Essay on Societys Role in Child Labour Essay Child labour is wide spread across worldwide to many extents, and society is not doing anything to change that. This is a topic that is known by everyone, but very few act against it for several reasons. At an individual’s point of view, based on their ethics and morals, they may not find child labour to be wrong. While similarly in a society their viewpoint can be heavily influenced by the judgment of other members of society. Children across the world are working in unsafe conditions to make products, for cheaper labour and a cheaper price. Their lives are endangered working long shifts in terrible conditions all to be underpaid. Society is not accurately presented to all the information there is on child labour because there is not enough information being reported. In the end, it is an individual’s decision based on how they ethically and morally differentiate right from wrong. Nothing is being done to eradicate child labour because of the price differences, society is not being educated enough on the topic and every person’s definition of what they find ethically right or wrong. The lower price society pays for products are very beneficial to society members but it is detrimental to the children being underpaid to make such products. Child labor has become an issue over the years simply because industries are not ready to pay the high price for adult labor. (Abernethie, 1998, p. 84) Powerful industries do not want to pay more for adult labor that comes with many rights ad regulations. In order to make a higher profit, industries cut back on their labor prices by underpaying children to work long and hard shifts on a daily basis. (Deb, 2012, p. 253) They choose to misuse children and force them to complete hard tasks with min. . labour is not being resolved in societiesWorks CitedAbernethie, L. (1998). Child Labour in Contemporary Society: Why Do We Care?. International Journal Of Childrens Rights, 6(1), 81. doi:10.1163/1571818 9820493987Deb, S. (2012). Childrens Rights in India: Parents and Teachers Attitudes, Knowledge and Perceptions. International Journal Of Childrens Rights, 20(2), 241. doi:10.11 63/157181811X616022Kistenbroker, H. V. (2012). Implementing article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child as a Domestic Statute: Protecting Children from Abusive Labor Practices.Case Western Reserve Journal Of International Law, 44(3), 921.Rea, J. (2010). Child labour ‘child labour exists because we allow it to exist’. Dublin: Development Education Unit, Concern Worldwide. Retrieved from http://www.developmenteducation.ie/media/documents/Concern Child Labour

Adam Smith vs. Karl Marx Legacy on Capitalism and Morality free essay sample

Capitalism remains to be the enduring economic system in societies surrounding exchange and distribution of goods and services. Popular debates center on its issues and controversies on why such a flawed system continue to rule. And no other great names inspired discussions on capitalism than Adam Smith and Karl Marx, extreme sides in the political-economic gamut. This essay aims to decide the point of convergence and divergence in their political-economic philosophy regarding capitalism. Karl Marx and Adam Smith both created a niche in classical economics, proponents of socialism and capitalism, respectively. As one of the original minds behind communism and first and foremost a revolutionary, Karl Marx is often regarded as brilliant radical philosopher of the 20th century. According to Marx, history evolves through the relationship between the â€Å"modes of production† and the â€Å"relations to production† (Engels Marx, 2007).   Adam Smith was the first one to established economics as a science. We will write a custom essay sample on Adam Smith vs. Karl Marx: Legacy on Capitalism and Morality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He combines his economic teachings with moral theory on how people ought to live (Heilbroner, 1995). His ideas on market forces and the role of the state in economics are his greatest contribution to our economic system today. Karl Marx frowns on the central tenants of capitalism − less and no government intervention in economic affairs, free and steady market competition, private ownership and equal chance for everyone to maximize profits. His hatred to capitalism’s basic ideas leads him to believe that communism is the best political, economic and social system in every society. Production and consumption are the two essential parts of capitalism. For consumption to take place, production should happen. According to Karl Marx, the problem lies in the production side. His belief is that rich factory owners reap the benefits of poor man’s labor (Engels Marx, 2007). Workers are subject to exploitation as capitalists compete in the exchange market and must deliver their goods at the lowest possible cost. In turn, the workers protect themselves being exploited. Karl Marx believes that these social relations of production are inherently problematic, causing the class struggle and ultimately the overthrowing of capitalism by the working class. Like Karl Marx, Adam Smith believes in the importance of production. He believes in a free-trade society where a common man can start a business without government intervention and consumers can buy whatever they want at a price dictated by the law of supply and demand (Smith, 2009). The law of supply and demand in the free market leads to efficiency which keeps the most competitive consumers and producers afloat. There is no need for the state to be involved as the free market has its own devices to always return to equilibrium. Central planning, which is deemed necessary by Karl Marx to allocate resources, is not necessary and posed more burden according to Adam Smith. Both economists have a labor theory of value. For Karl Marx, a commodity should be valued according to the amount of labor it requires to be produced. Commodities have â€Å"use-value† (according to their capacity to satisfy the needs) and â€Å"exchange-value† (monetary value, in relation to other commodities in the market) which differ from one commodity to the other commodity. The amount of labor that goes to the production is their only common denominator and thus should measure the value of all commodities in the market. On the other hand, Adam Smith’s labor theory of value stems from â€Å"spectator sentiment† (Heilbroner, 1995). He identifies two kinds of prices, the natural price and the market price of the goods. According to Smith, the natural price is the value that consumers are willing to pay for the time and pain of the laborer of acquiring the skills along with the risk involved in the production. This natural price depends on the labor hours and effort that went to into making the commodity. However, natural price is not always equal the market price in a competitive market of supply and demand. Through competition, the market price is push to approach the natural price of the commodity. On the division of labor, Karl Marx and Adam Smith recognize its benefits. However, Karl Marx believes that under strict specialization a person is being dehumanized. A worker who is not able to fully grasp the process of creation and do repetitive labor seems more like a machine than a human. On the other hand, Adam Smith maintains that division of labor benefits society as a whole. It promotes specialization where things are done more quickly requiring fewer numbers of workers. A worker is not fit to produce the entire output and specialization allows him/her to focus on the job where he/she is good at. Karl Marx and Adam Smith also disagree in their view of private property. For Marx, all private ownership should be abolished. Capitalism, the system of private ownership of production† alienates human beings from their creation. A laborer only works as a means of survival and obtains no fulfillment from doing so because his/her output does not belong to him/her. These products are sold to the market by the capitalist for more profits. These laborers, born in the working class, are forever workers. The lucky ones born in capitalist class forever belongs to it. Capitalists do not only own the means of production but also control the government, media, universities and maintenance of status quo. He advocates a revolution of the proletariat to overthrow the capitalist class to change the current social, political and economic status.  Ã‚   For Smith, capitalism is not only favorable to the rich population. He argues that because private property exists, everyone has equal right to own, create and earn their own living. A privately owned property, motive to earn and productive actions are the right combination that leads to the natural market functions of the free market economy. He believes that capitalists have noble virtue behind their selfish desires as to avoid being greedy. Unlike Marx, he does not believe revolution as the solution. â€Å"The peace and order of a society is of more importance than even the relief of the miserable,† (Smith, 2009). For him, a revolution is unnecessary because of the benefits derived from capitalism of both capitalists and proletariat. Both have equal chances to better their situation in a free market. Though Karl Marx and Adam Smith seem to oppose one another based on their political ideologies, both their contributions are well regarded and manifest its influence up to these days. Works Cited Engels, Frederick Marx, Karl. The Communist Manifesto. Filiquarian Publishing House, 2007. Heilbroner, Robert L. The Worldly Philisophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of The Great Economic Thinkers. NY: Robert Heilbroner, 1995. Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. NY: Classic House Books,2009.

What to See in Texas for Architecture Enthusiast

What to See in Texas for Architecture Enthusiast Denison, Texas, on the border with Oklahoma, would have remained a sleepy little railroad town if it hadnt been for Dwight David Eisenhower being born there. The Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site is just one of the many out-of-the-way places to visit in Texas.The home state of former Presidents Bush and Bush (father and son) has a lot more than oil and cattle fields. For travelers who are architecture enthusiasts, heres a selection of historic buildings and innovative new construction in Texas. Visiting Houston The Transco Tower, the 1983 landmark skyscraper designed by Philip Johnson, is now known as the Williams Tower, the tallest skyscraper in town. Another skyscraper designed by Johnson and his partner  John Burgee is the building now known as the Bank of America Center, a 1984 example of playful postmodernism. Houston has historic skyscrapers from the 1920s and a Hilton designed by Pritzker Laureate I.M. Pei. NRG (Reliant) Park, including the Houston Astrodome and Reliant Stadium, is the place to see the worlds first domed sports stadium. Rice University Stadium on the campus of Rice University remains one of the best examples of a modern, open-air football arena. Visiting Dallas – Fort Worth Big D architecture is historic, cultural, and truly an American melting pot experience. The Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge over the Trinity River was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas helped designed a fully adaptable, modern theatre space called the Dee and Charles Wyly Theatre. In 2009 the British architect Sir Norman Foster created a high-tech, traditional venue for the Arts District when he designed the Winspear Opera House. Chinese-American I.M. Pei designed Dallas City Hall. The Perot Museum of Nature and Science was designed by another Pritzker-winner, American architect Thom Mayne.   The George W. Bush Presidential Library was designed by postmodernist architect Robert A.M. Stern. Frank Lloyd Wrights last home constructed before his death was the John A. Gillin House, but that is not Wrights only mark on Dallas - the Kalita Humphreys Theater, also known as the Dallas Theater Center, was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, who reportedly said, This building will one day mark the spot where Dallas once stood. History swirls near Dealey Plaza as the place in Dallas where President John Kennedy was assassinated; Philip Johnson designed the JFK Memorial. Outside activities in Dallas can revolve around the Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas - or any number of activities in the historic art deco buildings at Fair Park. Multi-cultural artist Volf Roitman brought a new style of art to Dallas, an international movement known as MADI (Movement Abstraction Dimension  Invention). Its bold geometric forms are on display at the Museum of Geometric and MADI Art.   The MADI is the only museum dedicated to MADI art and the primary point of focus for the MADI movement in the United  States. Pronounced mah-DEE, MADI is a modern art movement known for bright colors and bold geometric forms. In architecture, sculpture, and painting, MADI art uses abundant circles, waves, spheres, arches, spirals, and stripes. MADI ideas are also expressed in poetry, music, and dance. Playful and exuberant, MADI art focuses on objects rather than what they mean. The whimsical combinations of shapes and colors are abstract and free of symbolic meanings. Bill and Dorothy Masterson, lifelong supporters of the arts, were fascinated when artist Volf Roitman introduced them to the colorful and exuberant MADI movement. The Mastersons became avid collectors of MADI art works and spent time with the movements founder, Carmelo Arden Quin. When Mr. Mastersons law firm moved to a 1970s storefront building, the Mastersons decided to convert the first floor into an art museum and gallery devoted to MADI art. The building faà §ade, designed by Volf Roitman, became a celebration of MADI with geometric forms laser-cut out of galvanized, cold-rolled steel and powder coated in bright colors. The colorful panels are permanently bolted to the existing building. Roitmans convex-concave shapes and playful designs created a luscious, almost baroque skin for the once plain, two-story building. The landscape, furnishings, and lighting also reflect Roitmans MADI-ist ideas. Visiting San Antonio The Alamo. Youve heard the phrase, Remember the Alamo. Now visit the building where the infamous battle took place. The Spanish Mission also helped to give rise to the Mission Style of home design. La Villita Historical District is an original Spanish settlement, bustling with shops and artisan studios. San Antonio Missions. Missions San Jose, San Juan, Espada, and Concepcion were built over the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Spanish Governors Palace. Constructed in 1749, the building was the Governors Place when San Antonio was the capital of Texas. Visiting College Station George Bush Library, Presidential Library of the forty-first President of the United StatesCollege of Architecture, Texas A M UniversityThe Texas AM Bonfire Memorial: A memorial stands where once twelve students lost their lives and many more were injured as they built a Bonfire before a football game. Learn about a tradition gone wrong. Also in Texas You cannot go inside these privately owned homes, but Texas is filled with interesting residences worthy of drive-by photography: Amarillo: Sterling Kinney House by Frank Lloyd WrightBunker Hill: William L. Thaxton Jr. House by Frank Lloyd Wright Plan Your Texas Itinerary For tours of historic Texas architecture, visit the National Register of Historic Places. Youll find maps, photographs, historical information, and travel recommendations. Source Photo of the MADI Museum and Gallery Building at Dusk  © Volf Roitman

Stake holder and share holder- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stake holder and share holder- - Essay Example Most corporations run through the watch of shareholders. The shareholders demand obligations from the management of the firm. The shareholders have a say in the corporation depending on their share prices. The level of their financial measure in the corporation determines their level of influence. Shareholders share the profits of the company based on the percentage of their shares. It also applies to losses. Stakeholders are individuals who have interests in the corporation. The company has no obligation towards the stakeholders. Employees are the perfect example of stakeholders (James & Jerryl.1996, pp. 1-4). With the current world where globalization has taken effect, it is important for a company to pursue profitability. The corporations should fit themselves into the market economy using proper tools to maximize their profits. For good profitability, the company should have a certain responsibility, for example, social responsibility. It is evident responsibility, and profitability is contradictory, but they have to go together in any corporation. To ensure companies survive, they should produce high profits. The profits depend on the responsibility of the networks within the corporation, such as the people (Reed & Freeman, 1983, pp. 1-19). In most cases, shareholders emphasize on profitability over responsibility. It is the perspective of the shareholders. The shareholders believe the corporations have full control from the owners. They attribute the companys success to factors such as share price, economic profits, and dividends. In addition, they rely on the management to give in their best, for great success of the corporation. The shareholders do not believe responsibility will make the corporation attain success. Any society will not measure the companys success by their level of social responsibility, according to the shareholders perspective. Furthermore, their perspective does recognize the

You may pick a good one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You may pick a good one - Essay Example The two cultural groups exhibits differences as described in the following paragraphs. African American has traditions, values and customs concerning death. This is drawn from the various ethnic, culture and religious backgrounds they exhibit. Some of the common practices exhibited by African Americans in their values include: African Americans also have distinct patterns of language. Some of the developed languages among the communities here include; Gullah popular with the Sea Islands and Creole common to the Louisiana. The African American culture is also associated with academic legitimate dialect due to its logical structure; however other people consider this as slang because of the poor Standard American English command (Hudgens 57). The African Americans also practice a variety of religions ranging from Protestant Christianity to Muslims. On the other hand, Hispanic Americans possess diverse cultural and custom background. They include people from Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Spain, central and South America, and Mexico. Some of the common cultural values and customs they exhibit in relation to death include: Hispanic Americans are often united by language, customs, values and religion. However, an extensive diversity exists among them in their traits. Some of these values include; family commitment, belief on the child behavior reflecting the family honor, a strong system of support to the family, duty to care and hierarchical order in the family siblings (Dunn 239). Hispanic Americans are hence different from the African Americans in language, religion, customs, values and beliefs as mentioned in the

Egypt and the Nile Essay Example for Free

Egypt and the Nile Essay The ancient Egyptians were polytheistic. They believed in over one thousand gods. Ancient Egypt was a highly agricultural society. But the land received almost no rainfall annually. Thanks to the River Nile, Egyptians had a steady source of water. The seasonal floods were highly predictable and made Egypt into a major agricultural empire. Ancient Egyptians were one of the earliest civilizations to practice large scale agriculture. To properly use the river Nile, the Egyptians created their own irrigation system which helped to expand the empire. As the civilization flourished, so did it’s people and culture. The Nile was inspiration for the Egyptian religion and culture. Most of the Egyptian arts follow a strict cannon. Usually the subjects of Egyptian art are Gods and Pharaohs. The Pharaohs were considered as gods themselves. The Egyptians worshipped their gods with so much passion. They believed that they could achieve immortality and be like gods themselves. Prominent Egyptians had tombs and they were embalmed. The body was mummified and the tomb contained items that the mummy would need in the afterlife. Some pharaohs’ tombs even contained large ships so that he could sale in the Nile for eternity. The Egyptian sunken relief of the God Horus, showcased in the Menil Collection displays the use of several different techniques used in ancient Egyptian Art. This sculpture can be compared to other Egyptian work like Ti’s hunt and also to the Greek cannon for building sculptures. The description reads â€Å"The Beautiful Horus, The great god, Lord of Heaven; one who is foremost in Bahet [possibly Edfu]. † This relief sculpture is presented by combining both frontal and profile view of Horus. Most of the Egyptian arts created are in sunken relief. Usually the subjects of Egyptian art are Gods and Pharaohs. The Egyptians worshipped their gods with so much passion. â€Å"Egyptian artists regularly ignored the endless variations in the body types of real human beings. Painters and sculptors did not sketch their subjects from life but applied a strict cannon, or system of proportions, to the human figure† (Kleiner, 64). This method of drawing lasted for centuries. Before drawing anything the Egyptians drew a grid on the wall. Then specific human body parts were placed in each of the squares. The height of the subject is already pre-determined. The Sculpture of Horus, from the Menil collection is dated to be from 1320 to 1200 BC. The 19th dynasty was in control during 1320 to 1200 B. C. The ancient Egyptians feared and adored their gods. They built huge temples and monuments to praise their gods. They aspired to become like their gods. The Egyptians wanted to become immortal. This is why there is the embalming process when someone is buried. The statues built in burial chambers were for this reason. The artist’s aim was not to portray living figures, but to suggest the timeless nature of the stone statue that was designed to provide an eternal substitute home for the ka† (Kleiner, 63). A look at scroll of Hu- Nefer illustrates what the Egyptians believed what would happen to a dead person’s soul. â€Å"At the left, Anubis, the jackal-headed god of embalming, leads Hu- Nefer into the ha ll of judgment. The god then adjusts the scales to weigh the dead man’s heart against the feather of the goddess Maat, protectress of truth and right. A hybrid crocodile-hippopotamus-lion monster, Ammit devourer of the sinful, awaits the decision of the scales. If the weighing had been unfavorable to the deceased, the monster would have eaten his heart. The ibis-headed god Thoth records the proceedings. Above, the gods of the Egyptian pantheon are arranged as witnesses while Hu- Nefer kneels in adoration before them. Having been justified by the scales, Hu-Nefer is brought by Osiris son, the falcon headed god Horus, into the presence of the green faced Osiris and his sisters Isis and Nephthys to receive the award of eternal life† (Kleiner, 77). All of the Egyptian art followed the Egyptian cannon. Even the sculptures followed this method. The statues of Pharaohs were rigid structures. The Pharaoh were all known to be patrons of art and built many monuments to please the gods. The sculpture of Horus was probably created for worshipping purposes too. Looking at the sphinxes can show us the further connection the ancient Egyptians had with the animals. The sphinx is a statue that has the body of a lion and the head of a human being. This could mean that The Egyptians thought that human beings had the power to be beastlike and have the mind ability of a god. Looking at almost any of the artwork representing Egyptian gods, one can observe the deep connection Egyptians had with animals. The jackal was a representation of the god Anubis. Scholars believe that the jackal was associated with Anubis was because Anubis is the god that opens the road to the afterlife, and jackals were seen to be roaming around the tombs and deserts. Almost every god that was worshiped was represented by an animal and these animals characteristics were then attributed to the god. Ancient Egypt was a place filled with culture. The Nile River played a major role in building this civilization. With the Niles help, Egypt was able to flourish and become a large empire. Ancient Egyptian religion played a huge role in the making of the Egyptian art. Most of the art from this era was depiction of gods and pharaohs. The sunken relief of Horus shows the cannon used by ancient Egyptian artists. Egyptian culture and gods had a large impact on the artwork created during this era and the same culture dominated the area for several hundred years. Reference Kleiner,Fred. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011. Print.

The Internet: An End to the Cultural and Historical Diversity of Style

Introduction: The Internet is a fairly new tool and has been recently increasing in popularity. Where it was once inconceivable that a new way to stay in touch could challenge the telephone, the Internet has managed to do so. With the Internet, one can do nearly anything that one would want to do from keeping in touch with relatives, writing research papers, and watching one's bank account. Generally, everything done over the Internet is quick and effortless. Since the Internet is relatively new, there have been relatively few scientific studies done on it. Therefore, the discussion of the Internet in this paper will be limited to personal experiences and interpretations. This essay will describe a new style of quickness that has emerged as a result of the Internet. The style has been modified and tested by those on the Internet, creating a homogenous way of communicating which is ending the diversity in composition. In turn, the style has affected the Internet, making quickness a priority to services on the web. By looking at common uses of the Internet, it is apparent that a new kind of style based on instant gratification and convenience has emerged, which in turn has influenced the Internet. Communicating Instantaneously: One of the more prevalent services of the Internet is instant messaging, which has helped to shape a style of quickness. There are a plethora of messaging services to choose from, such as AOL's Instant Messenger, ICQ, and MSN Messenger. Instant messaging is exactly what it sounds like- messages are typed and sent instantly to another person. This type of interaction has slowly been replacing the telephone as it allows people to stay in contact over long distances without having to pay a fee. Acco... ... style has also affected the Internet. The need for speed has evolved so that the success of services and other offerings for the Internet, such as connection speed, is highly important. The style of speed in the world of today will become increasingly accepted and used as more and more people join the Internet craze. Footnotes: 1. Beard 2. Beard 3. Pastore 4. Look at the Graph 5. Beard Works Cited: 1. Beard, Marty. "Hello, email, and soon good-bye: Instant messaging becoming way to communicate." February 5, 2002 Â © 2002 Media Life. <http://medialifemagazine.com/news2002/feb02/feb04/2_tues/news4tuesday.html> 2. Gartner Advisory, Web Site Performance, June 2000. 3. Pastore, Michael. "E-Mail Continues Dominance of Net Apps." July 25, 2001. <http://cyberatlas.internet.com/big_picture/applications/article/0,1323,1301_808741,00.html>

The Process of Conditioning

Florida Sahay Professor Griffin Psychology 1101 Fall 2009 The Conditioning Process It was raining when Sarah was driving home from work. Both she and the driver of the car in front of her were speeding. The car in front of her had immediately braked. There was not enough distance between that car and her own car to safely slow to a stop, so she had quickly switched lanes to avoid a car accident. Instead, the slick pavement caused her car to swerve out of control. When her car finally skidded to a stop, it was inches away from colliding into a tree.Two weeks later, Sarah noticed that she had become anxious every time she had to drive in the rain. Believe it or not, Sarah’s anxiety is due to an associative learning process called conditioning. According to Weiten (2008), conditioning involves learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s environment (p. 169). Although psychology has a grasp on how we learn through classical and operant conditioning, it is impaired by biological constraints.Classical conditioning, also referred to as Pavlovian conditioning (Weiten, 2008), was discovered by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. This form of learning presents how an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), or a neutral event, is initially unable to evoke an unconditioned response (UCR), or a reflexive response, but attains the ability to do so by pairing with another stimulus that can elicit such a response. Sarah’s situation would be an example of classical conditioning. The UCS would be Sarah’s near-death experience. The UCR from Sarah was anxiety and fear.Now that she feels anxiety and fear every time she must drive when it rains, even if there is no chance of another accident, her reaction has become a conditioned response (CR) to the rain, which is now the conditioned stimulus (CS). Another type of conditioning is operant conditioning. Operant conditioning (Weiten, 2008) can be distinguished from classical conditioning in that classical conditioning explains how manipulations by events occur before the reflexive response, whereas operant conditioning explains how the response is influenced by the following result of an event.The response in operant conditioning is not reflexive, but rather, voluntary. Therefore, according to Weiten (2008), operant conditioning is a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. Operant conditioning occurs on an everyday basis. It can be identified when a child studies hard to earn good grades, an employee works hard to earn a raise in his/her salary, or even a dog performing tricks to earn a treat.Conditioning was assumed to be applied to any species that could respond to a stimulus. On the contrary, discoveries in recent decades have shown that there are limits to conditioning. These limits are due to an organism’s biological heritage (Weiten, 2008). Instinctive drift is one of the many biological constraints. Instincti ve drift was first described by the Brelands who were operant psychologists in the business of training animals for commercial purposes (Breland & Breland, 1966 as cited in Weiten, 2008).This occurs when the conditioning process is hindered by an animal’s response due to innate predispositions. For example, a dog can be trained to fetch a stick, but if the dog is presented with a bone, the dog would most likely run off somewhere to bury the bone. This is because of the dog’s innate food- preserving behavior. As stated by Michael Domjan (2005 as cited in Weiten, 2008), organisms have developed distinctive response systems to deal with vital tasks and survival skills over the course of evolution.The principal view of psychologists today on learning is that learning mechanism among different species are analogous, but some of these mechanisms have been altered due to the demands of the organism’s environment. Theories of conditioning did not allocate the role of co gnitive processes until recent decades. Edward C. Tolman and his colleagues (Tolman & Honzik as cited in Weiten, 2008) developed an experimentation in which they used three groups of rats. All three groups were to run through a complicated maze. Group A was rewarded food daily when they were able to get to the end of the maze.Group B did not receive any food and group C was rewarded food on their 11th trial. Group A showed a much improvement in a short course of time (approximately seventeen days) due to the reinforcement. Group B and C, however, showed little improvement over the course of 10 days. After the 11th trial, group C showed a drastic improvement and even exceeded group A. Tolman determined that the rats in group C have been learning the maze just as much as group A. The motivation of the reward seemed to increase group C’s potential.He termed this as latent learning, which is dormant knowledge that an organism has, but does not express until it is needed. Later on in the study of psychology, cognitive factors were integrated into the study of conditioning. A major theme during the study of conditioning was nature vs. nature (Weiten, 2008). Behavioral traits were thought to be explained through environmental factors, but the recent decades of evidence from the study of classical and operant conditioning has proved that the process of conditioning is impaired by biological constraints.Heritage and the environment once again challenge the theories of nurture when influencing behaviors in organisms. Child-care facilities, schools, factories, and major businesses have all been applied with principles of conditioning in order to improve. Classical and operant conditioning has been a significant contribution and has had a major influence to society.References Weiten, W. (2008). Psychology: Themes & variations briefer version (7th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

How I Can Become An Ideal Project Manager - 1619 Words

Since I have no experience as a project manager, according what I have collected from above literatures and what I have perceived in my own point of view, I have the following ideas of how I can become an ideal project manager. 1. To be a leader During the past years of working, I have always played the role of team member but never tried to lead a team to actually accomplish a project, so the most challenging trait for me to learn as a project manager is to be a leader. I now know that a project leader should do a lot more than plan, organise, control, coordinate, monitor and closure. While such activities are all very important and must be correctly done, those functions are not enough for a good leader to accomplish. That is to say,†¦show more content†¦3) Leadership means dealing with risks During the process of a project, various kind of risk is inevitable because of uncertainties. There is always possibility for threats which may harm the success or completion of the project. As a leader, it is best to eliminate the risk before it really cause any loss of the project, which requires prospective and forward thinking. They are always looking for better ways to take actions on potential risks. And when risk really happens, leaders should be able to take the procedure to minimize the adverse effect of a possible loss, which requires fresh information at any time. The leader should be competent to abstract useful information and find the most efficient ways to deal with risks. 4) Leadership means the ability to motivate those around you To motivate people to realize their maximum potential, a good leader can is get all the team members to perform enthusiastically, confidently. As people around you are from different cultures, motivating implies listening, trusting, empowering, coaching, enable them to work discreetly and creatively. 2. 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